{"id":96387,"date":"2025-03-27T12:00:49","date_gmt":"2025-03-27T11:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/2025.power-shift.de\/zwischen-anspruch-und-ausbeutung\/"},"modified":"2026-03-13T12:45:23","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T11:45:23","slug":"zwischen-anspruch-und-ausbeutung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/zwischen-anspruch-und-ausbeutung\/","title":{"rendered":"Between Claim and Exploitation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_custom_1758554298140 wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-accent)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><style>.vcex-page-title.vcex_69e1ebb3ab89c .vcex-page-title__heading{color:var(--wpex-on-accent);font-size:clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4rem);font-weight:900;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-page-title vcex-module ps-scrolly-title vcex_69e1ebb3ab89c\"><h2 class=\"vcex-page-title__heading wpex-heading wpex-text-3xl\"><span class=\"vcex-page-title__text\">Between Claim and Exploitation<\/span> <span class=\"vcex-page-title__after\">Europe's trade policy strategy for safeguarding raw materials<\/span><\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted ps-scrolly-intro vc_row-o-full-height vc_row-o-columns-middle vc_row-flex wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:#078900!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element wide\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>We are at a crossroads: If we manage to make our contribution in Germany and the European Union (EU) to stop global warming at around 1.5\u00b0C, or if we continue to move on the path we have taken, we will be able to <a href=\"https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/countries\/eu\/\">Up to 3\u00b0C hotter planets<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Despite ambitious packages of measures launched by the European Commission in recent years, <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.25);--highlight-mode: normal;'><span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-egd\">the European Green Deal\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span>, <span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-nextgeneu\">NextGenerationEU\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span>, <span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-gruenplan\">the Green Industrial Plan\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span><\/mark> \u2013 take the European <a href=\"https:\/\/climateactiontracker.org\/countries\/eu\/\" rel=\"nofollow \">Greenhouse gas emissions are not moving fast enough<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>A complete farewell to fossil fuels <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-right' style='--highlight-duration: 0.45s;--highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.25);--highlight-mode: normal;'>(<span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-dekarbonisierung\">decarbonisation\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span>)<\/mark> It is essential if we are to ensure a reasonably livable future. Industry, energy suppliers and the transport sector need to switch to renewable energy \u2013 globally. A process that is also <em>green transformation<\/em> It is called. At the same time, numerous processes and procedures are to be digitized. But the challenges, this so-called \u201ctwin transformation\u201d (<em>twin transition<\/em>) Achieving this from the energy transition and digitalization is huge.<\/p>\n<p>This page provides an overview of the trade policy instruments and initiatives launched by the European Commission in recent years to ensure that European industry is supplied with the necessary mineral and metallic raw materials. The extent to which these measures are up to the challenges described below will be evaluated in the end.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-egd\" style=\"display:none;\">\n<h3>The European Green Deal<\/h3>\n<p><em>The European Green Deal<\/em>\u00a0(EGD) was launched in response to the massive protests of the climate movements in December 2019 by the new EU Commission under Ursula von der Leyen. The main objective of the EGD is to reach Europe by 2050. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/de\/policies\/green-deal\/\">\u2018first climate-neutral continent\u2019<\/a> to make.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/european-green-deal_de\">Key points of the EGD<\/a> include, in addition to the <strong>Climate neutrality by 2050<\/strong>, the intermediate target of an emission reduction of 55% (compared to 1990) until 2030 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/de\/policies\/green-deal\/fit-for-55\/\">\u201cFit for 55\u201d<\/a>), a decoupling of resource use from economic growth and the demand to \u201cleave no one, neither man nor region, behind\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/legislative-train\/theme-a-european-green-deal\/file-european-green-deal\">Legislative packages and initiatives<\/a> in various areas of society, including <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/european-green-deal\/agriculture-and-green-deal_de\">agriculture<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/european-green-deal\/energy-and-green-deal_de\">energy<\/a>\u2013 and <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/european-green-deal\/industry-and-green-deal_de\">Industrial policy<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/climate-pact.europa.eu\/about\/about-pact_de\">\u2018Climate Pact\u2019<\/a> It also promotes citizen participation in these processes.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/background.tagesspiegel.de\/agrar-und-ernaehrung\/briefing\/das-ist-die-bilanz-des-green-deals-nach-fuenf-jahren\">So far, the balance sheet has been mixed.<\/a>. Despite ambitious goals to promote sustainability and reduce CO2 emissions, implementation has been slow due to economic and political hurdles. Agriculture in particular is facing major challenges. While some progress has been made so far, opposition from various sectors and the conservative and right-wing political groups in the EU Parliament has repeatedly called for the softening of climate policy measures.<\/p>\n<p>To actually achieve a socially just green transformation, beat <a href=\"https:\/\/earth4all.life\/country-report\/earth-for-all-deutschland-zusammenfassung\/\">Expert: women<\/a> More far-reaching measures than have been adopted in the EU so far. The EGD will also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0962629823001038\">criticised<\/a>, It does not change the actual structures, unequal power relations and colonial continuities in the international division of labour, but rather maintains the status quo.<br \/>\n<\/aside><br \/>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-nextgeneu\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>NextGenerationEU<\/h3>\n<p>NextGenerationEU (NGEU) is a <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/recovery-plan-europe_de\">EU financial instrument<\/a> to support the economic recovery in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is expected to raise around EUR 807 billion between 2021 and 2026. Funding will mainly be allocated to the following areas: <b>Green Projects, Digital Transformation, Social Projects and Economic Resilience<\/b> flow.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, the EU Commission currently expects to raise only about 712 billion euros, i.e. about 12 million euros.% Less than planned. This is mainly due to the fact that Member States have called less money than expected. Each country must present its own plan for how it intends to use the funds from the NGEU. There must be at least 37% for climate investments and 20% will be spent on digitalisation and other EU requirements will be met.<\/p>\n<p>The money for NGEU comes for the first time from its own bonds, which the EU issues on the capital market, rather than from contributions from the member states. These bonds will be repaid over a period of up to 30 years, with the EU seeking to use revenues from future sources of funding, such as a possible new tax on digital services or the carbon border adjustment levy.<\/p>\n<p>In principle, it can be criticised that the instrument is mainly aimed at private companies. In this way, the priorities are set on favourable conditions for the economy, rather than on job creation. There are also concerns about the sustainability of projects, the rule of law in beneficiary countries and the possible strengthening of economic <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1057\/s41295-022-00277-6\">Imbalances between EU countries<\/a>. Also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euractiv.de\/section\/finanzen-und-wirtschaft\/news\/corona-wiederaufbaufonds-eu-rechnungshof-wart-vor-unregelmaessigkeiten\/\">Lack of transparency and therefore susceptibility to corruption<\/a> They are criticized. In addition, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/climate-environment\/news\/eu-needs-to-double-investment-to-meet-climate-goals-report\/\">is criticized<\/a>, that the planned EU investments are not sufficient to achieve the climate targets. A final conclusion cannot yet be drawn.<\/p>\n<p><\/aside><br \/>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-gruenplan\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>The Green Industrial Plan<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/european-green-deal\/green-deal-industrial-plan_de\">EU Green Industrial Plan<\/a> is part of the European Green Deal and aims to decarbonise EU industry and make it \u2018competitive\u2019. It aims to promote clean technologies, renewable energies and the implementation of a circular economy. The focus is on the reduction of CO2 emissions in production and the promotion of clean technologies. The financial instrument for this is the <a href=\"https:\/\/investeu.europa.eu\/index_en\">InvestEU Fund<\/a>, which is intended to mobilise private and public money in the amount of approximately EUR 370 billion.<\/p>\n<p>The Green Industrial Plan can be used as the EU's response or counterpart to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deutschlandfunk.de\/inflation-reduction-act-anti-inflationsprogramm-inflationsbekaempfungsgesetz-100.html#Reaktion\">Inflation Reduction Act (IRA)<\/a> Considered in the United States.<br \/>\n<\/aside><br \/>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-dekarbonisierung\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>decarbonisation<\/h3>\n<p>Process from the reduction of carbon dioxide to the complete elimination of CO2 emissions.<br \/>\n<\/aside><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><strong>This explanatory video briefly summarizes the findings of this page:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vcex-video wpex-bg-black\" data-vcex-video-type=\"youtube\"><div class=\"vcex-video-inner wpex-relative\"><iframe class=\"wpex-block wpex-w-100 wpex-h-100 wpex-aspect-16-9\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2dFk8JAK2iE\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-palette-150-color)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>A summary of the contents of this page and an info card can be found in our info poster:<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>.vcex-multi-buttons.vcex_69e1ebb3b07b6 .theme-button,.vcex-multi-buttons.vcex_69e1ebb3b07b6 .theme-txt-link{border-radius:var(--wpex-rounded-full);}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-multi-buttons wpex-flex wpex-flex-wrap wpex-items-center wpex-gap-10 wpex-justify-center vcex_69e1ebb3b07b6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/PowerShift_Handelspolitik__Infoposter_Extract_Extract.pdf\" class=\"theme-button flat outline-transparent wpex-text-center  wpb_animate_when_almost_visible wpb_bottom-to-top bottom-to-top vcex-count-1\">Download info poster<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PowerShift_Extract-Extract_Infoposter_Quellen.pdf\" class=\"theme-button flat outline-transparent wpex-text-center  wpb_animate_when_almost_visible wpb_bottom-to-top bottom-to-top vcex-count-2\" style=\"animation-delay:200ms;\">Sources for the info poster<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/product\/infoposter-extract-extract-extract\/\" class=\"theme-button flat outline-transparent wpex-text-center  wpb_animate_when_almost_visible wpb_bottom-to-top bottom-to-top vcex-count-3\" style=\"animation-delay:400ms;\">Order info poster<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h3 class=\"vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl\"><span class=\"vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block\">The challenge of <em>twin transition<\/em><\/span><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step\" id=\"herausforderung-1a\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><span class=\"ps-preheader\">Challenge 1:<\/span> The <i>twin transition<\/i> It is very material intensive.<\/h4>\n<p>For the <a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/metalle-fuer-die-energiewende-2\/\">Production of the necessary technologies<\/a> such as wind turbines and solar panels, but above all for the mobility transition, i.e. <a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/weniger-autos\/\">Electric cars<\/a> and other electrically powered vehicles, very many metallic and mineral raw materials are needed. loud <a href=\"https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/ee01701d-1d5c-4ba8-9df6-abeeac9de99a\/GlobalCriticalMineralsOutlook2024.pdf\">International Energy Agency<\/a> (IEA) will double the global demand for raw materials from 2024 to 2030 as current policies and demand continue. For the EU there is a <a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2023-03\/Raw%20Materials%20Foresight%20Study%202023.pdf\">Study commissioned by the European Commission<\/a> for some minerals, an increase of more than 10 times in demand (see graph). However, the study also includes areas such as robotics, aviation and defence, whose supply of raw materials must also be ensured as a priority, according to the European Commission.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step\" id=\"herausforderung-1b\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Digitization is also very material-intensive and does not automatically lead to dematerialization. <a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/HeissesEisen.pdf\">\u201cAn example:<\/a> DERA calculations show that up to 150 million storage media (HDD and SSD hard drives as well as magnetic tapes) were used in data centers in 2018. Depending on data usage in the future, there could be up to 600 million storage media in a medium scenario in 2040 and up to 26 billion in the extreme scenario. Even the middle scenario would raise the use of the raw materials platinum and ruthenium above today's mining production. This does not include necessary raw materials for the construction infrastructure of data centres and their cooling.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This massive increase in demand must also be seen in the light of the fact that: <a href=\"https:\/\/eurmc.org\/publication\/green-mining-is-a-myth-the-case-for-cutting-eu-resource-consumption\/\">the EU already 25-30%<\/a> of all metals produced worldwide, although only 6% of the world's population. There is, therefore, also a distribution problem in the context of a global <i>fair<\/i> Green transformation needs to be taken into account.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element cdst-sticky\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-chart-schaubild1' class='cdst-chart step'><figcaption class='cdst-figure-caption cdst-figure-title'>EU demand for selected raw materials up to 2030, in percent<\/figcaption>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-chart-svg cdst-chart-type-column\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"600\"\n\t\theight=\"400\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,600,400\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-csv=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/scrolly-energiewende-schaubild-1.csv\" \ndata-data-column=\"1\" \ndata-id-column=\"0\" \ndata-sort=\"default\" \ndata-tooltips=\"1\" \ndata-type=\"column\" \ndata-wait=\"true\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><div class='cdst-figure-description'><\/p>\n<p>For the scenario of high demand, the study assumes a rapid technological implementation of the energy transition, etc., as well as an increase in the European market share of clean technologies and thus a high material expenditure. In the case of the low demand scenario, this process is slower and the demand for the final products is lower.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ps-source\">Source: Own presentation on the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2023-03\/Raw%20Materials%20Foresight%20Study%202023.pdf\">European Commission data, 2023<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_js\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<script>\n\twindow.addEventListener(\"load\", async () => {\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ get the chart\n        const fig = document.querySelector(\"#ps-chart-schaubild1\");\n        const svg = await cdstUtils.waitForReady( fig.querySelector(\".cdst-chart-svg\") );\n        \n\t\t\/\/ Setup scroll-based interactions\n\t\tdocument.addEventListener(\"scrollstep\", (e) => {\n\t\t    \n\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ step actions\n\t\t\tswitch (e.target.id) {\n\t\t\t\t\/\/ Schaubild 1 herausforderung-1a\n \t\t\t\tcase \"herausforderung-1a\":\n \t\t\t\t\tsvg.switchData(1);\n \t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\tcase \"herausforderung-1b\":\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.switchData(2);\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t});\n\t\t\n\t});\n<\/script>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><span class=\"ps-preheader\">Challenge 2:<\/span> The EU is extremely dependent on imports <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-right' style='--highlight-duration: 0.95s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'><span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-kritisch-strategisch-rohstoffe\">Critical and strategic raw materials\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span><\/mark> from abroad, especially from China.<\/h4>\n<p>The EU has and produces few of the raw materials it needs. At the same time, it has a very high consumption of raw materials. The dependence on imports of corresponding raw materials is therefore high. Germany, for example <a href=\"https:\/\/www.diw.de\/documents\/publikationen\/73\/diw_01.c.862062.de\/dwr-22-49-2.pdf\">Imported over 90% its raw materials<\/a>, in the case of primary metals, it is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bundestag.de\/presse\/hib\/kurzmeldungen-989086\">Almost 100%<\/a>. In addition, the relevant raw material reserves and their processing are very concentrated in a few countries. Many of them are located in emerging markets and in countries of the Global South.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Explanation of the graph: The extraction phase includes the production of unprocessed ores and concentrates. The processing phase includes separation, finishing and chemical and metallurgical modification of raw materials.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chart\/map only captures strategic and critical raw materials for which there is a dependency of over 40% It consists of a country. A complete overview can be found in the given sources.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-kritisch-strategisch-rohstoffe\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>Critical and Strategic Raw Materials<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 2011, the European Commission has published every three years an updated list of mineral and metallic raw materials that are of great importance to European industry. The main focus is on the economic sectors for the production of clean technologies, including e-mobility, energy transition, digitalisation, space, robotics and defence. In addition to the economic importance, security of supply plays a crucial role. The higher the European dependence on a country for a given raw material, the higher the risk of disruption of supply. In these<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/57318397-fdd4-11ed-a05c-01aa75ed71a1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> estimation <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also takes into account political factors, such as government stability and governance. If a mineral has a high recycling rate, there are good substitutes or there is sufficient presence in many countries, this reduces the risk and thus the likelihood of being assessed as \u2018critical\u2019. Some of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/sectors\/raw-materials\/areas-specific-interest\/critical-raw-materials_en\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">34 raw materials included in the list established in 2023 <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are not critical raw materials. However, as their permanent availability is of great importance to European industry and they would not be easily replaceable by other minerals, they are classified as \u2018strategic\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/aside>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element cdst-sticky no-max-width\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-map-schaubild2' class='cdst-map wide'><figcaption class='cdst-figure-caption cdst-figure-title'>Countries of origin of unprocessed and processed EU critical and strategic raw materials, % dependency and main areas of use<\/figcaption>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-map-svg cdst-map-type-choropleth\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"800\"\n\t\theight=\"400\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,800,400\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-bubble-max-size=\"30\" \ndata-bubble-min-size=\"0\" \ndata-center=\"52.520008, 13.404954\" \ndata-color-borders=\"#ffffff\" \ndata-data-column=\"1\" \ndata-graticules=\"false\" \ndata-high-quality=\"false\" \ndata-id-column=\"0\" \ndata-outline=\"false\" \ndata-projection=\"natural\" \ndata-tooltips=\"true\" \ndata-type=\"choropleth\" \ndata-value-prefix=\"\" \ndata-value-suffix=\"\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><div class='cdst-figure-description'><span class=\"ps-source\">Source: self-representation on the basis of data from <a href=\"https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/57318397-fdd4-11ed-a05c-01aa75ed71a1\">European Commission 2023<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/scrreen.eu\/crms-2023\">SCREEN 2023<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_js\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<script>\n\t\n\twindow.addEventListener(\"load\", async () => {\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ get the map\n        const fig = document.querySelector(\"#ps-map-schaubild2\");\n        const svg = 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origin<\/th>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2b\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td><span class=\"adjective\">light<\/span> Rare earths<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Permanent magnets for e-cars, autocatalysts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>85%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2c\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>gallium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>semiconductor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>71%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2d\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>germanium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Semiconductors, solar cells<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>45%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2e\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td><span class=\"adjective\">metallic<\/span> magnesium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Automotive industry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>97%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2f\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>Scandium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Solid oxide fuel cells<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>UK<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>92%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2g\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>vanadium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Steel industry, nuclear industry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Russia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>44%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2h\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>bauxite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Production of aluminium for use in the automotive industry, among others<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Guinea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>63%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2i\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>antimony<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Flame retardants, lead acid batteries<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Turkey<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>63%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2j\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>boron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Fiberglass production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Turkey<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>99%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2k\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>feldspar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Glass and ceramic production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Turkey<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>51%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2l\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>hafnium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Superalloys, nuclear technology<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>France<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>76%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2m\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>strontium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>electronic industry, glass production, etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Spain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>99%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2n\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>lithium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Glass and ceramic coatings, battery technology<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Chile<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>79%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2o\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>manganese<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>chemical industry, deoxidizing and desulfurizing agents and alloy component<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>South Africa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>41%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2p\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td><span class=\"adjective\">natural<\/span> graphite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Steel industry, battery manufacturing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2q\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>niobium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Stainless steel manufacturing\/steel hardener, auto industry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Brazil<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>92%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2r\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>phosphorus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Chemical industry, fertilizers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Kazakhstan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>65%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"herausforderung-2s\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<table class=\"ps-rohstoff-table\" style=\"height: auto;\" border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>commodity<\/th>\n<td>nickel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"ps-table-rohstoff-nutzung\">\n<th>usage<\/th>\n<td>Manufacture of stainless steel, metal coatings, battery production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Main country of origin<\/th>\n<td>Canada<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>dependence<\/th>\n<td>59%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><span class=\"ps-preheader\">Challenge 3:<\/span> The EU is also heavily dependent on imports, especially from China, for intermediate and final products of some clean technologies.<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following graphs show, for some sectors, the production shares for selected technologies and the bottlenecks that the EU could face in the lithium battery sector due to China\u2019s market power.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>.vcex-grid-container.vcex_69e1ebb3bc9c8{gap:2rem;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-grid-container vcex-module wpex-grid wpex-gap-20 wpex-grid-cols-2 wpex-sm-grid-cols-1 wpex-lg-grid-cols-2 wpex-items-start vcex_69e1ebb3bc9c8\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-chart-schaubild3' class='cdst-chart'><figcaption class='cdst-figure-caption cdst-figure-title'>Production shares for selected technologies and components by region of the world, in percent<\/figcaption>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-chart-svg cdst-chart-type-donut\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"600\"\n\t\theight=\"400\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,600,400\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-autoplay=\"5\" \ndata-color-scheme=\"schemeTableau10\" \ndata-csv=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/scrolly-energiewende-schaubild-3.csv\" \ndata-data-column=\"1\" \ndata-id-column=\"0\" \ndata-sort=\"default\" \ndata-tooltips=\"1\" \ndata-type=\"donut\" \ndata-value-format=\".0%\" \ndata-wait=\"false\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><div class='cdst-figure-description'><span class=\"ps-source\">Source: <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">self-representation on the basis of data from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/publications\/staff-working-document-investment-needs-assessment-and-funding-availabilities-strengthen-eus-net_en\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">European Commission, 2023<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-chart-schaubild4' class='cdst-chart'><figcaption class='cdst-figure-caption cdst-figure-title'>Supply bottlenecks and key players along the lithium battery supply chain<\/figcaption>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-chart-svg cdst-chart-type-donut\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"600\"\n\t\theight=\"400\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,600,400\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-autoplay=\"5\" \ndata-color-scheme=\"schemeTableau10\" \ndata-csv=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/scrolly-energiewende-schaubild-4.csv\" \ndata-data-column=\"1\" \ndata-id-column=\"0\" \ndata-sort=\"default\" \ndata-tooltips=\"1\" \ndata-type=\"donut\" \ndata-value-format=\".0%\" \ndata-wait=\"false\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><div class='cdst-figure-description'><span class=\"ps-source\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/system\/files\/2023-03\/Raw%20Materials%20Foresight%20Study%202023.pdf\">European Commission 2023<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><span class=\"ps-preheader\">Challenge 4:<\/span> The EU faces global competition for access to critical raw materials.<\/h4>\n<p>Worldwide, they have already <a href=\"https:\/\/factsonclimate.org\/infographics\/emission-pledges\">131 countries<\/a> They want to become carbon-neutral or climate-neutral. This increases competition for access to the finite resources needed for the green transformation. At the same time, a race for market leadership in the areas of digitization and clean technologies has broken out. For this purpose, economic heavyweights such as China have <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-right' style='--highlight-duration: 0.5s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'>(<span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-made-in-china-2025\">Made in China 2025\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span>)<\/mark> and the United States <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-right' style='--highlight-duration: 0.625s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'>(<span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-inflation-reduction-act\">Inflation Reduction Act\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span>)<\/mark> Launched massive subsidy programs to facilitate both the production of relevant technologies and the transition to CO2-neutral industrial production, e-cars, etc.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-made-in-china-2025\" style=\"display:none;\">\n<h3>Made in China 2025<\/h3>\n<p><em>Made in China 2025<\/em> (MIC 2025) is a <a href=\"https:\/\/merics.org\/de\/studie\/made-china-2025-0\">Strategic initiative<\/a> the Chinese government, which was introduced in 2015 to modernise and transform Chinese industry. The goal is to reduce reliance on foreign technology and ensure China's global leadership in key industries such as artificial intelligence, robotics, biotechnology and new materials.<\/p>\n<p>The main objective of the initiative is to ensure that by 2025 70% core technologies and products are produced in China. It will also support research and development, digitalisation and sustainable technologies.<\/p>\n<p>The implementation of this strategy through massive subsidies in key industries has led to China being much better positioned than European companies in the field of green technologies, such as electric cars. The current disputes over EU countervailing tariffs on e-cars of Chinese companies can therefore be seen as a sign of the success of MIC 2025. Despite <a href=\"https:\/\/cepr.org\/voxeu\/columns\/actual-effect-chinas-made-china-2025-initiative-may-have-been-overestimated\">some problems<\/a> implementation (including the coronavirus pandemic), it can nevertheless be assumed that the Chinese government will continue to pursue the objectives of MIC 2025 after 2025, as this will only be a first step in the implementation of MIC 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tokyofoundation.org\/research\/detail.php?id=941\">3-step development strategy<\/a> It already outlines targets for 2035 and 2049.<\/p>\n<p><\/aside><br \/>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-inflation-reduction-act\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>Inflation Reduction Act<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deutschlandfunk.de\/inflation-reduction-act-anti-inflationsprogramm-inflationsbekaempfungsgesetz-100.html#Reaktion\">Inflation Reduction Act (IRA)<\/a> It is a U.S. law designed to combat inflation, promote renewable energy, and improve health care. In total, the investment program includes approximately $740 billion. The IRA also includes measures to ensure <a href=\"https:\/\/bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov\/briefing-room\/statements-releases\/2024\/09\/20\/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-takes-further-action-to-strengthen-and-secure-critical-mineral-supply-chains\/\">Supply of critical raw materials<\/a> and on <a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/IF\/IF12602\">Promotion of green hydrogen<\/a>. The IRA promotes the establishment of a domestic supply chain for raw materials such as lithium, nickel and cobalt, which are essential for the production of batteries and electric vehicles. The U.S. aims to meet more than one-fifth of the world's demand for lithium (outside China) by 2030. These measures are intended to reduce dependence on foreign supply chains and strengthen production in the United States.<\/p>\n<p>The future of the IRA under the new Trump administration is still uncertain.<\/p>\n<p><\/aside><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-map-herausforderung4' class='cdst-map step wide'><figcaption class='cdst-figure-caption cdst-figure-title'>131 countries have already declared that they want to become CO2 or climate neutral.<\/figcaption>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-map-svg cdst-map-type-highlight\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"800\"\n\t\theight=\"400\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,800,400\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-bubble-max-size=\"30\" \ndata-bubble-min-size=\"0\" \ndata-center=\"0, 0\" \ndata-color=\"#38AA32\" \ndata-color-borders=\"#ffffff\" \ndata-csv=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/klimaneutralpledge.csv\" \ndata-data-column=\"2\" \ndata-graticules=\"false\" \ndata-high-quality=\"false\" \ndata-id-column=\"3\" \ndata-outline=\"false\" \ndata-projection=\"equal\" \ndata-tooltips=\"true\" \ndata-type=\"highlight\" \ndata-value-prefix=\"\" \ndata-value-suffix=\"\" \ndata-wait=\"1\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><div class='cdst-figure-description'><span class=\"ps-source\">Source: own presentation of data of the <a href=\"https:\/\/factsonclimate.org\/infographics\/emission-pledges\" rel=\"nofollow \">factsonclimate.org<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><span class=\"ps-preheader\">Challenge 5:<\/span> The EU must ensure that its increased demand for raw materials does not lead to an increase in social conflicts, human rights violations and environmental degradation in resource-rich countries.<\/h4>\n<p>The race for mineral and metallic raw materials for the green transformation will mainly be held between the EU, China and the USA, which until <a href=\"https:\/\/www.somo.nl\/the-eus-critical-minerals-crusade\/\">2030 for about 80% of production capacities<\/a>n could be responsible for renewable technologies. The raw materials, on the other hand, become <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2024\/executive-summary\">Majority from countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia <\/a>Come on, come on. They are already exporting raw materials on a large scale. So is<a href=\"https:\/\/pie.net.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Surowce-Ameryki-lac-i-bezp-UE_ENG.pdf\"> Brazil is the third largest supplier<\/a>the EU for critical raw materials. loud <a href=\"https:\/\/africanclimatefoundation.org\/research-article\/geopolitics-of-critical-minerals-in-renewable-energy-supply-chains\/\">African Climate Foundation<\/a> The share of mineral and metallic raw materials in the total number of exported products in 23 African countries is over 30%, in some of them, such as Zambia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Botswana, even over 75%. The same <a href=\"https:\/\/africanclimatefoundation.org\/research-article\/geopolitics-of-critical-minerals-in-renewable-energy-supply-chains\/\">report<\/a> points out that:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n\u201c(...) in most African countries the \u201cdark sides of the energy transition\u201d are becoming more and more visible: local pollution of soil, air and water, disposal of toxic residues, intensive use of water and energy, labour and environmental risks, child labour and sexual abuse, as well as corruption and armed conflict. (...) These social and environmental problems will become increasingly untenable in view of the increasing pressure on the extraction of critical minerals by the major industrialised countries.\u201d\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The problems described in connection with mining activities are a worldwide phenomenon. The <a href=\"https:\/\/media.business-humanrights.org\/media\/documents\/2024_Transition_Minerals_Tracker_EN.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow \">Transition Minerals tracker<\/a> counts over 630 known cases of environmental degradation and human rights violations related to the extraction of minerals for the green transformation between 2010 and 2023. Almost half of all incidents are due to the mining of copper.<\/p>\n<p>Mining is not only a conflict-ridden business, but also a dangerous business, where even murder is not shied away from. Also in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/missing-voices\/\">Murder statistics related to mining activities<\/a> Latin America leads the sad ranking. 50% All of the murders associated with mining took place on this continent, followed by Asia at 40.%. In addition, the mining sector is known for its susceptibility to corruption. According to one <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/publications\/reports\/2016\/08\/corruption-in-the-extractive-value-chain_g1g676bf\/9789264256569-en.pdf\">OECD Report 2016<\/a> There were 20% all international bribery attempts in connection with mining activities. Mining companies will also <a href=\"https:\/\/handelanders.nl\/assets\/the-critical-raw-materials-act--the-contradictions-in-the-role-of-the-european-union_online-02.pdf\">accused<\/a>, to engage in tax evasion and to participate in illicit financial flows, the activities of which are facilitated by European tax havens such as Luxembourg or the Netherlands.<\/p>\n<p>In this respect, there is a risk that the increase in mining activity due to the massive increase in demand for mineral and metallic raw materials will increase the problems described.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-map-schaubild5' class='cdst-map step wide'><figcaption class='cdst-figure-caption cdst-figure-title'>Environmental Destruction and Corporate Human Rights Violations in Green Transformation Mineral Mining<\/figcaption>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-map-svg cdst-map-type-bubble\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"800\"\n\t\theight=\"400\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,800,400\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-bubble-max-size=\"30\" \ndata-bubble-min-size=\"0\" \ndata-center=\"0, 0\" \ndata-color-borders=\"#ffffff\" \ndata-csv=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/scrolly-energiewende-schaubild-5.csv\" \ndata-data-column=\"4\" \ndata-graticules=\"false\" \ndata-high-quality=\"false\" \ndata-id-column=\"0\" \ndata-outline=\"false\" \ndata-projection=\"equal\" \ndata-tooltips=\"true\" \ndata-type=\"bubble\" \ndata-value-prefix=\"\" \ndata-value-suffix=\"\" \ndata-wait=\"true\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><div class='cdst-figure-description'>The case numbers represent violations in the mining of the following raw materials: bauxite, cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese, nickel and zinc.<br \/>\n<span class=\"ps-source\">Source: self-representation on the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/media.business-humanrights.org\/media\/documents\/2024_Transition_Minerals_Tracker_EN.pdf\">Transition Minerals Tracker, Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, 2024<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4><span class=\"ps-preheader\">Challenge 6:<\/span> The European <i>twin transition<\/i> It must not lead to an increase in global inequalities.<\/h4>\n<p>With its European Green Deal, the European Commission has set itself the goal of making the green transformation globally fair and <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/european-green-deal_de\">\u201cLeaving no one, neither man nor region, in the lurch\u201d<\/a>. This also applies to the resource-rich countries of the Global South. As long as it does not succeed, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brettonwoodsproject.org\/2023\/12\/decolonising-the-global-economic-architecture-the-prerequisite-for-a-just-transition\/\">their dependency <\/a>Overcoming commodity exports, the green transformation will remain an unjust process. This includes acknowledging that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/Global-Resource-Outlook-2024\">countries<\/a> High-income countries consume up to six times more material than low-income countries. The same applies to the current and historical blame for climate change. In this respect, corresponding transformation processes must provide countries of the global South with political scope as well as financial and technical support in order not to continue to serve solely as a supplier of raw materials, but to be able to benefit from their own raw materials. On the other hand, a process must be initiated in the EU that combines the energy transition with a reduction in the consumption of raw materials.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h3 class=\"vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl\"><span class=\"vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block\">The European response strategy<\/span><\/h3>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>The European Commission's response to the challenges described above in securing raw materials and intermediates for the <i>twin transition<\/i> consists of the development and implementation of a comprehensive set of measures, the initiatives of which have a major impact on European trade policy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Timeline of the European Commission's key initiatives on safeguarding raw materials with an impact on trade policy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--no-padding wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><style>.vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3c1b72 > * {flex-basis:25%;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:1;}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-flex-container vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-gap-20 wpex-items-start wpex-justify-start ps-sidescroller ps-timeline vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3c1b72\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2008<\/h5>\n<p>EU Raw Materials Initiative<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2011<\/h5>\n<p>First list of critical raw materials<br \/>\n(Updated every 3 years)<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2015<\/h5>\n<p><em>Trade for All<\/em> \u2013 Energy and commodity capital become an integral part of trade agreements<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2019<\/h5>\n<p>European Green Deal<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2021<\/h5>\n<p>Stategic raw material partnerships<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2021<\/h5>\n<p>Global Gateway<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2023<\/h5>\n<p>Green Deal industrial plan<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2023<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Net-zero industrial regulation<\/li>\n<li>Critical Raw Materials Act<\/li>\n<li>Reform of the European electricity market<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2024<\/h5>\n<p>First trade agreement with energy and raw materials chapter enters into force (EU-New Zealand)<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2024<\/h5>\n<p>First Sustainable Investment Agreement enters into force (EU-Angola)<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5 class=\"future\">2024<\/h5>\n<p>Minerals Security Partnership Forum begins its work<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>2025<\/h5>\n<p>Clean Industry Deal + Clean Trade and Investment Partnerships<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-accent)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"ps-source ps-source-align-right\">Source: Self-presentation based on publications of the EU Commission<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>A key element of this roadmap is the <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--highlight-mode: multiply;'>Critical Raw Materials Act (<span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-crma\">Critical Raw Materials Act\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span>)<\/mark>, adopted in April 2024.<\/p>\n<p>In order to implement this law effectively, the EU needs to develop trade relations with countries rich in raw materials. In the words of the European Commission: <a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/sectors\/raw-materials\/areas-specific-interest\/critical-raw-materials\/critical-raw-materials-act_en\">\u201cInternational trade is central to supporting global production and ensuring diversified supply<\/a>\u201d. To this end, the European Commission has launched various trade policy instruments: Trade agreements with own energy and raw material chapters, strategic raw material partnerships as well as other partnerships specific to hydrogen and renewable energies (e.g. with Uruguay) and the Global Gateway strategy. A Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement was also recently agreed. It also aims to combat unfair trade practices and restrictions and, together with the Member States, to: <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-right' style='--highlight-duration: 0.525s;--highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--highlight-mode: multiply;'><span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-exportkreditgarantien\">Export credit guarantees\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span><\/mark> and further financial support to secure and promote investments abroad. An exchange forum between exporting and importing countries of critical raw materials, set up by the USA, is also important. <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-right' style='--highlight-duration: 1.15s;--highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--highlight-mode: multiply;'>the <span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-msp\">Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) Forum\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span>.<\/mark><\/p>\n<p>Like Commission President Ursula von der Leyen <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/document\/download\/e6cd4328-673c-4e7a-8683-f63ffb2cf648_en?filename=Political%20Guidelines%202024-2029_EN.pdf\">announced<\/a>, a further one will be added to these instruments in the coming 2024-2029 legislative term, the exact form of which is not yet known:<\/p>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-crma\" style=\"display:none;\">\n<h3>Critical Raw Materials Act<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/sectors\/raw-materials\/areas-specific-interest\/critical-raw-materials\/critical-raw-materials-act_en\">Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA)<\/a> to ensure the supply of critical raw materials in the EU. The aim is to reduce dependence on third countries, i.e. to build up own production capacities, and to promote the recycling of critical raw materials. To this end, by 2030:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">10% to meet European needs from raw materials extracted in the EU. So far, the EU has only produced about <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC132889\">2% the Minerals<\/a>, which it needs for the energy transition, etc.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">25% The required raw materials are covered by recycling. According to a study by <a href=\"https:\/\/ieep.eu\/publications\/circularity-gaps-of-the-european-critical-raw-materials-act\/\">IEEP<\/a> the average recycling rate of 34 critical\/strategic raw materials in the EU in 2023 was just over 8%.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">40% raw materials are processed in the EU in order to become more independent when importing intermediate products such as e-batteries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Maximum of 65% the annual consumption of the 34 strategic and critical raw materials is sourced from a single country (<span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-derisking\"><em>de-risking<\/em>&#8239;<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span>).<\/p>\n<p><\/aside><br \/>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-derisking\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>De-risking<\/h3>\n<p>Popular has made the expression <em>\"de-risking\"<\/em> European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen at her speech in China on 31 March 2023. There, she said that the relationship with China was one of the \"most complicated and important in the world\", but currently very unbalanced. The \u201cshaping of this relationship (...) is an essential part of what I would call de-risking through diplomacy (...)\u201d, says von der Leyen.<br \/>\n<\/aside><br \/>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-exportkreditgarantien\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>Export credit guarantees<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.exportkreditgarantien.de\/de\">Export credit guarantees<\/a> are government hedging of investments against economic and political risks in the foreign business of companies. The state, usually through state banks such as the Kreditanstalt f\u00fcr Wiederaufbau (KfW), guarantees to reimburse at least part of the invested money in the event of defaults by foreign payers. Obtaining such guarantees is usually linked to certain criteria, such as job creation or the supply of critical and strategic raw materials.<\/p>\n<p>In 2023, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmwk.de\/Redaktion\/DE\/Artikel\/Aussenwirtschaft\/exportkreditgarantien.html\">German Federal Government<\/a> EUR 18.4 billion in exports with export credit guarantees. The share of investment in countries of the Global South was 87.%.<br \/>\n<\/aside><br \/>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-msp\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>Minerals Security Partnership Forum<\/h3>\n<p>This <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/qanda_24_1808\">Minerals Security Partnership Forum<\/a> Launched by the EU and the US, the MSP Forum aims to diversify supply chains of critical raw materials, making them more resilient. To this end, the Forum promotes mining and processing technologies that meet certain environmental and social standards.<\/p>\n<p>The forum is intended to provide a platform for exchange between countries producing and consuming raw materials as well as the private sector. His focus is on cooperation in areas such as sustainable production, recycling and regulatory frameworks. The aim is to encourage investment in critical raw materials mining projects and minimise risks in the global supply chain. The forum builds on the Critical Raw Materials Act and was officially launched in 2024. Since <a href=\"https:\/\/policy.trade.ec.europa.eu\/news\/eu-and-us-welcome-new-members-minerals-security-partnership-2024-09-27_en\">September 2024<\/a> In addition to the EU and the USA, the following countries are members of the Forum: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, the Philippines, Serbia, Turkey, Zambia, Argentina, Greenland, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Namibia, Peru, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.<\/aside><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>@media only screen and (max-width: 639px) {.vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3c53cd{gap:0px;}}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-flex-container vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-gap-20 wpex-flex-col wpex-sm-flex-row wpex-sm-items-center wpex-sm-justify-between ps-scrolly-quote vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3c53cd\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<blockquote><p>\nTo secure access to the raw materials we need to build diversified and resilient supply chains, we will also launch a new set of <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/document\/download\/e6cd4328-673c-4e7a-8683-f63ffb2cf648_en?filename=Political%20Guidelines%202024-2029_EN.pdf\"><strong>Clean Trade and Investment Partnerships<\/strong><\/a> (<em>clean trade and investment partnerships<\/em>, CTIPs) (...).\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<figure class=\"vcex-image vcex-module ps-scrolly-quote-img-right\"><div class=\"vcex-image-inner wpex-relative wpex-inline-block\"><img width=\"679\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/UvdL_Headshot_Left.jpg\" class=\"vcex-image-img wpex-align-middle\" alt=\"Image by Ursula von der Leyen\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/UvdL_Headshot_Left.jpg 679w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/UvdL_Headshot_Left-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/UvdL_Headshot_Left-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/UvdL_Headshot_Left-600x601.jpg 600w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/UvdL_Headshot_Left-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 679px) 100vw, 679px\" \/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>CTIPs are part of the <strong>Clean Industrial Plan<\/strong> (<em>Clean industrial deal<\/em>), whose elaboration <a href=\"https:\/\/neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu\/news\/statement-european-parliament-plenary-president-ursula-von-der-leyen-candidate-second-mandate-2024-2024-07-18_en?prefLang=de&amp;etrans=de\">Ursula von der Leyen<\/a> promised for the first 100 days of their mandate.<\/p>\n<p>These instruments are intended to create a level playing field for all companies (national and international), to position European companies well in the competition for raw materials markets in other countries and to be beneficial for both the European and the economy of the resource-rich country, i.e. to establish so-called \u2018win-win partnerships\u2019. They should also contribute to the implementation of the <i>twin transition<\/i> on a global level.<\/p>\n<p>The question is whether the trade policy instruments mentioned above meet these demands and the challenges listed above. For this purpose, we will examine them individually.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted ps-interactive-map-wrapper wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-accent)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 typography-white\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-map-schaubild-7' class='cdst-map wide'><figcaption class='cdst-figure-caption cdst-figure-title'>Interactive map: The Network of Trade Policy Initiatives for European Raw Materials Security<\/figcaption>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-map-svg cdst-map-type-choropleth\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"800\"\n\t\theight=\"400\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,800,400\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-bubble-max-size=\"30\" \ndata-bubble-min-size=\"0\" \ndata-center=\"0, 0\" \ndata-color-borders=\"#ffffff\" \ndata-data-column=\"1\" \ndata-graticules=\"false\" \ndata-high-quality=\"false\" \ndata-id-column=\"0\" \ndata-outline=\"false\" \ndata-projection=\"equal\" \ndata-tooltips=\"true\" \ndata-type=\"choropleth\" \ndata-value-prefix=\"\" \ndata-value-suffix=\"\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><div class='cdst-figure-description'><span class=\"ps-source\">Sources: Self-presentation on the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/atlas.cid.harvard.edu\/explore\">Atlas of Economic Complexity<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/sectors\/raw-materials\/areas-specific-interest\/raw-materials-diplomacy_en#:~:text=In%20the%20EU%20Raw%20Materials%20Strategy%2C%20the%20Raw,established%20frameworks%20of%20cooperation%20bilaterally%2C%20regionally%20or%20multilaterally.\">European Commission<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/cp\/\">RMIS - Country Profiles<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gtai.de\/de\/trade\/\">GTAI<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deutsche-rohstoffagentur.de\/\">German Raw Materials Agency<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_html wpb_content_element\" id=\"ps-map-schaubild-7-controls\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ps-control-group\">\n<div class=\"ps-control-group-column\">\n<div class=\"ps-control-group-heading\">Status of the Agreement or Partnership<\/div>\n<div class=\"ps-control-input-group\"><label><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"ps-map7-group1\" \/>Countries with which the EU is negotiating a trade agreement with energy and raw materials agreements<\/label>\n<label><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"ps-map7-group2\" \/>Countries with which the EU has already adopted a trade agreement with energy and raw materials chapters<\/label>\n<label><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"ps-map7-group3\" \/>Countries with which the EU has signed a Strategic Raw Materials Partnership<\/label><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ps-control-group-column\">\n<div class=\"ps-control-group-heading\">Global Gateway Climate and Energy projects 2023-2025 (by world region)<\/div>\n<div class=\"ps-control-input-group\"><label><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"ps-map7-gg-afrika\" \/>Africa<\/label>\n<label><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"ps-map7-gg-asien-pazifik\" \/>Asia &amp; Pacific<\/label>\n<label><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"ps-map7-gg-eu-nachbarstaaten\" \/>Neighbouring EU countries<\/label>\n<label><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"ps-map7-gg-naher-osten\" \/>Middle East<\/label>\n<label><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"ps-map7-gg-lateinamerika-karibik\" \/>Latin America &amp; Caribbean<\/label><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_js\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<script>\n\twindow.addEventListener(\"load\", async () => {\n\t\n\t\t\/\/ Toggle control panel on click\n\t\tconst controlPanel = document.querySelector(\"#ps-map-schaubild-7-controls .ps-control-group\");\n\t\t\/\/console.log(controlPanel)\n\t\tcontrolPanel.addEventListener(\"click\", function(event){\n\t\t\t\/\/ toggle the \"open\" class to hide\/show the panel\n\t\t\tthis.classList.toggle(\"open\");\n\t\t});\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Get Map\n\t\tconst fig = d3.select(\"#ps-map-schaubild-7\");\n\t\tconst svg = await cdstUtils.waitForReady( fig.select(\".cdst-map-svg\").node() );\n\t\t\n\t\tconst group1data = await d3.csv(\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Schaubild7_Abkommenlaender_Gruppe1.csv\");\n\t\tconst group2data = await d3.csv(\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Schaubild7_Abkommenlaender_Gruppe2.csv\");\n\t\tconst group3data = await d3.csv(\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Schaubild7_Abkommenlaender_Gruppe3.csv\");\n\t\t\n\t\tconst ggjson = await d3.json(\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/global-gateway-projekte-2023-2025.json\");\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Dupe countries in new group and append new data\n\t\tgroup1data.forEach( country => {\n\t\t\tconst feature = fig.select(`[data-iso=\"${+country.id}\"]`).datum();\n\t\t\tfeature.properties.name = country.name;\n\t\t\tfeature.properties.info = country[group1data.columns[2]];\n\t\t\tsvg.plotPolygon( feature,\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tclassname: \"ps-map7-country\",\n\t\t\t\tgroupClass: \"ps-map7-group1\",\n\t\t\t\tfillColor: \"rgba(255,255,255,0.5)\" \n\t\t\t});\n\t\t});\n\t\tgroup2data.forEach( country => {\n\t\t\tconst feature = fig.select(`[data-iso=\"${+country.id}\"]`).datum();\n\t\t\tfeature.properties.name = country.name;\n\t\t\tfeature.properties.info = country[group2data.columns[2]];\n\t\t\tsvg.plotPolygon( feature,\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tclassname: \"ps-map7-country\",\n\t\t\t\tgroupClass: \"ps-map7-group2\",\n\t\t\t\tfillColor: \"rgba(255,255,255,0.5)\" \n\t\t\t});\n\t\t});\n\t\tgroup3data.forEach( country => {\n\t\t\tconst feature = fig.select(`[data-iso=\"${+country.id}\"]`).datum();\n\t\t\tfeature.properties.name = country.name;\n\t\t\tfeature.properties.info = country[group3data.columns[2]];\n\t\t\tsvg.plotPolygon( feature,\n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tclassname: \"ps-map7-country\",\n\t\t\t\tgroupClass: \"ps-map7-group3\",\n\t\t\t\tfillColor: \"rgba(255,255,255,0.5)\" \n\t\t\t});\n\t\t});\n\t\t\n\t\tconst group1 = fig.selectAll(\".ps-map7-group1\").classed(\"ps-map-hidden\", true);\n\t\tconst group2 = fig.selectAll(\".ps-map7-group2\").classed(\"ps-map-hidden\", true);\n\t\tconst group3 = fig.selectAll(\".ps-map7-group3\").classed(\"ps-map-hidden\", true);\n\t\tconst groupAll = fig.selectAll(\".ps-map7-country\");\n\t\t\n\t\t \n\t\t\/\/ Build the radius scale function. Project counts range from 1 to 10, and the radii will be min 5 and max 14.\n\t\tconst rScale = d3.scaleLinear([1, 10], [5, 14]); \n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Plot Global Gateway Projects as bubbles\n\t\tggjson.features.forEach( feature => {\n\t\t    console.log(feature);\n\t\t\tconst group = \"ps-map7-gg-\" + cdstUtils.kebabCase( feature.properties.region );\n\n\t\t\tsvg.plotPoint ( feature, \n\t\t\t{\n\t\t\t\tradius: rScale( feature.properties.Projekte),\n\t\t\t\tclassname: \"ps-map7-gg-point\",\n\t\t\t\tgroupClass: group,\n\t\t\t\tcolor: \"rgba(255,255,255,0.8)\",\n\t\t\t\tshowLabel: true,\n\t\t\t\tlabelValue: feature.properties.Projekte,\n\t\t\t\tlabelColor: \"#078900\"\n\t\t\t});\n\t\t});\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Make selection for all GG projects\n\t\tconst ggAllGroups = fig.selectAll(\"svg > [class^='ps-map7-gg-']\").classed(\"ps-map-hidden\", true);\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Setup Tooltip\n\t\t\/\/ \n\t\tconst tooltip = fig.append('div')\n\t\t\t.attr('id', 'ps-schaubild-7-tooltip')\n\t\t\t.classed(\"cdst-tooltip\", true);\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Get all clickable elements, i.e. any that will have a tooltip\n\t\tconst allClickable = fig.selectAll(\".ps-map7-country, .ps-map7-gg-point\").style(\"cursor\", \"help\");\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ Add click handler to all features\n\t\tallClickable\n  \t\t.on('click', function(e,d) {\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tconst isActive = this.classList.contains(\"has-tooltip\");\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ Reset all clickable elements\n\t\t\tallClickable.classed(\"has-tooltip\", false);\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tif ( !isActive ) {\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\/\/ 1. hide tooltip (if showing)\n\t\t\t\ttooltip.classed(\"tooltip-active\", false);\n\n\t\t\t\t\/\/ 2. reset all\n\t\t\t\t\/\/groupAll.classed(\"has-tooltip\", false);\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\/\/ 3. Setup for new tooltip position\n\t\t\t\tconst parent = fig.node().getBoundingClientRect();\n\t\t\t\tconst rect = this.getBoundingClientRect();\n\t\t\t\tconst x = (rect.left - parent.left) + rect.width\/2;\n\t\t\t\tconst y = (rect.top - parent.top) + rect.height\/2; \n\t\t\t\tconst props = d.properties;\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\/\/ 4. add active class\n\t\t\t\td3.select(this).classed(\"has-tooltip\", true);\n\n\t\t\t\t\/\/ 5. Reposition tooltip, add content, show\n\t\t\t\ttooltip\n\t\t\t\t\t.style('left', x + 'px')\n\t\t\t\t\t.style('top', y + 'px')\n\t\t\t\t\t.html( function(){\n\t\t\t\t\t\tif ( e.target.classList.contains(\"ps-map7-country\") ) {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn `\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdst-tooltip-title\">${props.name}<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdst-tooltip-body\">${props.info}<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t`;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn `\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdst-tooltip-title\">${props.name}<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t`;\n\t\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t\t})\n\t\t\t\t\t.classed(\"tooltip-active\", true);\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\t\/\/ 1. hide tooltip\n\t\t\t\ttooltip.classed(\"tooltip-active\", false);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t});\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/ +++ CONTROLS +++\n\n\t\t\/\/ Get the toggles\n\t\tconst abkommenToggles = d3.selectAll(\"#ps-map-schaubild-7-controls [value^=ps-map7-group]\");\n\t\tconst gatewayToggles = d3.selectAll(\"#ps-map-schaubild-7-controls [value^=ps-map7-gg-]\");\n\t\t\n\t\tabkommenToggles.on(\"change\", function(e){\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ hide all groups\n\t\t\tgroup1.classed(\"ps-map-hidden\", true);\n\t\t\tgroup2.classed(\"ps-map-hidden\", true);\n\t\t\tgroup3.classed(\"ps-map-hidden\", true);\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ hide tooltip\n\t\t\ttooltip.classed(\"tooltip-active\", false);\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tif (e.target.checked) {\n\t\t\t\tfig.select(`.${e.target.value}`).classed(\"ps-map-hidden\", false);\n\t\t\t\tabkommenToggles.property(\"checked\", function(){\n\t\t\t\t\treturn (this === e.target);\n\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t\tabkommenToggles.property(\"checked\", false);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t});\n\t\t\n\t\t\/\/handle Global Gateway switches\n\t\tgatewayToggles.on(\"change\", function(e){\n\n\t\t\tfig.select(`.${e.target.value}`).classed(\"ps-map-hidden\", !e.target.checked); \/\/ Invert the checked bool, i.e. remove the hidden class when checked=true\n\t\t\t});\n\t\n\t});\n<\/script>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-accent)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12 typography-white\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><style>.vcex-multi-buttons.vcex_69e1ebb3c9dfc .theme-button,.vcex-multi-buttons.vcex_69e1ebb3c9dfc .theme-txt-link{border-radius:var(--wpex-rounded-full);}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-multi-buttons wpex-flex wpex-flex-wrap wpex-items-center wpex-gap-10 wpex-justify-center vcex_69e1ebb3c9dfc\"><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/PowerShift_Handelspolitik__Infoposter_Extract_Extract.pdf\" class=\"theme-button outline wpex-text-center  wpb_animate_when_almost_visible wpb_bottom-to-top bottom-to-top vcex-count-1\">Download info poster<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PowerShift_Extract-Extract_Infoposter_Quellen.pdf\" class=\"theme-button outline wpex-text-center  wpb_animate_when_almost_visible wpb_bottom-to-top bottom-to-top vcex-count-2\" style=\"animation-delay:200ms;\">Sources for the info poster<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/product\/infoposter-extract-extract-extract\/\" class=\"theme-button outline wpex-text-center  wpb_animate_when_almost_visible wpb_bottom-to-top bottom-to-top vcex-count-3\" style=\"animation-delay:400ms;\">Order info poster<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-accent)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h4 class=\"vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl\"><span class=\"vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block\">Trade agreements<\/span><\/h4><style>@media only screen and (max-width: 639px) {.vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3cb7b3{gap:0px;}}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-flex-container vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-gap-20 wpex-flex-col wpex-sm-flex-row wpex-sm-items-center wpex-sm-justify-between ps-scrolly-quote vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3cb7b3\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<blockquote><p>\nGiven the EU's dependence on imported raw materials, access to them plays a crucial role in the EU's competitiveness. Access can be improved by establishing non-discriminatory access and transit rules in trade agreements by: <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-right' style='--highlight-duration: 0.55s;--highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--highlight-mode: multiply;'><span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-lokalisierungsauflagen\">Localization requirements\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span><\/mark> is addressed by promoting energy efficiency and trade in renewable energy and by ensuring that state-owned enterprises compete with and are subject to the same conditions as other enterprises, in accordance with market principles. The Commission will propose a chapter on energy and raw materials for each trade agreement.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"ps-source\">\u2014From the <a href=\"https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/d90eda7c-7299-11e5-9317-01aa75ed71a1\">\u201cTrade for all strategy\u201d<\/a> the European Commission, 2015<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<figure class=\"vcex-image vcex-module ps-scrolly-quote-img-right\"><div class=\"vcex-image-inner wpex-relative wpex-inline-block\"><img width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash.jpg\" class=\"vcex-image-img wpex-align-middle wpex-aspect-1-1 wpex-object-cover\" alt=\"Image of EU flags in front of the building of the Commission of the European Union\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Since its 2015 \u2018Trade for All Strategy\u2019, the EU has integrated specific energy and raw materials chapters into its trade agreements. The promotion of trade in raw materials is not done through these chapters alone. Trade agreements are in principle intended to simplify and facilitate the exchange of all exported and imported goods and services as much as possible. This is mainly done through the reduction of customs duties and other taxes understood as barriers to trade (e.g. export taxes) and requirements (e.g. with regard to technical standards, or also requirements for the employment of domestic workers or the use of local inputs). In this respect, these agreements are particularly important for large, internationally active companies, which hope for less control and unhindered market access as well as a level playing field for all companies in one country. However, this also means that national or local companies that do not have the same technical equipment as global corporations often fall behind. In addition, this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/Global-Resource-Outlook-2024\">United Nations Environment Programme <\/a>(UNEP) pointed out that raw material-rich and exporting countries in particular are struggling with the environmental consequences of their extractive trading model. Trade agreements, however, exacerbate pressure on the environment in resource-rich countries without guaranteeing that the local population benefits from the extraction of raw materials. Some chapters in the EU's trade agreements exemplify this:<\/p>\n<h5>Energy and Raw Materials Chapters (ERM)<\/h5>\n<p>The declared objective of the ERM is to promote access to energy and raw materials as well as sustainable development (especially in the field of renewable energy). To this end, barriers to trade and investment in the energy sector are to be lowered and government measures and regulations that distort competition or hinder trade are to be abolished. However, the ERM is not only about securing access to critical raw materials, but also to fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas. The texts and scope of the ERM in the respective agreements are not identical. However, the basic structure and its goals are always the same.<\/p>\n<p>The ERM chapters contain clauses that:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Prohibit import and export restrictions, including any export bans and export taxes or other taxes on raw materials.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Ban import and export monopolies for certain raw materials<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">prohibit a state price setting for the export of raw materials, i.e.: there must be no difference between the price of a commodity on the national market and its export price.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">guarantee access to energy transport infrastructure for European companies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>A detailed description of these provisions can be found in the following PowerShift publications:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ps-publication-list\">\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/reisefuehrer-eu-chile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-92640 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Reisefuehrer_EU-Chile-213x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"213\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Reisefuehrer_EU-Chile-213x300.jpg 213w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Reisefuehrer_EU-Chile-768x1082.jpg 768w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Reisefuehrer_EU-Chile-727x1024.jpg 727w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Reisefuehrer_EU-Chile-1090x1536.jpg 1090w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Reisefuehrer_EU-Chile-600x846.jpg 600w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Reisefuehrer_EU-Chile.jpg 1241w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 213px) 100vw, 213px\" \/>Travel guide: Partnership on an equal footing? \u2013 The EU-Chile Trade and Investment Agreement (2024)<\/a><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/global-gerechte-gruene-transformation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-92638 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Guide_Handel-und-Rohstoffsicherung-213x300.jpg\" alt=\"Cover image of the publication on trade and raw material security\" width=\"213\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Guide_Handel-und-Rohstoffsicherung-213x300.jpg 213w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Guide_Handel-und-Rohstoffsicherung-768x1082.jpg 768w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Guide_Handel-und-Rohstoffsicherung-727x1024.jpg 727w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Guide_Handel-und-Rohstoffsicherung-1090x1536.jpg 1090w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Guide_Handel-und-Rohstoffsicherung-600x846.jpg 600w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Guide_Handel-und-Rohstoffsicherung.jpg 1241w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 213px) 100vw, 213px\" \/>Guide \u201cGlobal Just Green Transformation?\u201d (2023)<\/a><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/alternatives-for-the-energy-and-raw-materials-chapters-in-eu-trade-agreements\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-92637 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Alternatives-for-the-Raw-materials-and-Energy-Chapters-scaled-1-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"Alternatives for the Raw Materials and Energy Chapters in EU Trade Agreements\" width=\"212\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Alternatives-for-the-Raw-materials-and-Energy-Chapters-scaled-1-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Alternatives-for-the-Raw-materials-and-Energy-Chapters-scaled-1-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Alternatives-for-the-Raw-materials-and-Energy-Chapters-scaled-1-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Alternatives-for-the-Raw-materials-and-Energy-Chapters-scaled-1-1087x1536.jpg 1087w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Alternatives-for-the-Raw-materials-and-Energy-Chapters-scaled-1-1449x2048.jpg 1449w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Alternatives-for-the-Raw-materials-and-Energy-Chapters-scaled-1-600x848.jpg 600w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Alternatives-for-the-Raw-materials-and-Energy-Chapters-scaled-1.jpg 1811w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px\" \/>Alternatives for the \u2018Energy and Raw Materials Chapters\u2019 in EU trade agreements (2020)<\/a><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wirtschaftsinteressen-vor-umwelt-und-menschenrechten\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-92639 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Neue-Rohstoffkapitel-in-EU-Handelsabkommen-scaled-1-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"Title image of the publication &quot;New commodity chapters in EU trade agreements&quot;\" width=\"212\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Neue-Rohstoffkapitel-in-EU-Handelsabkommen-scaled-1-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Neue-Rohstoffkapitel-in-EU-Handelsabkommen-scaled-1-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Neue-Rohstoffkapitel-in-EU-Handelsabkommen-scaled-1-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Neue-Rohstoffkapitel-in-EU-Handelsabkommen-scaled-1-1087x1536.jpg 1087w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Neue-Rohstoffkapitel-in-EU-Handelsabkommen-scaled-1-1449x2048.jpg 1449w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Neue-Rohstoffkapitel-in-EU-Handelsabkommen-scaled-1-600x848.jpg 600w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Cover_Neue-Rohstoffkapitel-in-EU-Handelsabkommen-scaled-1.jpg 1811w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px\" \/>New commodity chapters in EU trade agreements: An inventory (2019)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Investment liberalisation<\/h5>\n<p>In general, EU trade agreements contain provisions to make it easier for European companies to make investments in the partner country. A central chapter for this is the one on the liberalisation of investment. Particularly interesting for the raw material sector is the ban, so-called performance requirements (<i>performance requirements<\/i>) to investors. This means that the implementation of projects or investments in the country must not be subject to conditions such as technology or knowledge transfer. In addition, companies must not be required to carry out a certain percentage of processing in the country, to use local products for further processing (<i>domestic content<\/i>) or create a certain number of jobs for local people. As a result, trade agreements promote foreign investment, but they do not serve the local population, but above all the investing companies.<\/p>\n<h5><b>Investment protection<\/b><\/h5>\n<p>Both the trade agreement with Mexico and that with Chile contain a chapter on \u2018investment protection\u2019. This grants foreign investors the exclusive right to sue states before international arbitral tribunals for compensation payments in the millions and even billions if their enterprises are hindered, restricted or even worthless by state regulation. This includes the termination of a mining license due to environmental concerns or social conflicts. In recent years, these so-called investor-state arbitration proceedings (<i>Investor-state dispute settlement<\/i>, ISDS), which are associated with mining, increased sharply. A 2023 published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crai.com\/insights-events\/publications\/disputes-involving-mineral-assets-statistics-trends\/\">study<\/a> the Consulting Firm <i>CharlesRiver Associates<\/i> assumes that this trend will intensify due to the increasing demand for minerals for the green transformation. After gold, which is not a critical commodity, conflicts between investors and governments are particularly important in the context of copper mines. Latin America is already the continent most deplored by mining companies. Nearly 45% ISDS mining lawsuits registered between 2016 and 2022 target Latin American countries, including Chile and Mexico. Lawsuits can also come when states adopt new regulations on environmental and climate protection that affect investors' profit prospects. How often this has already happened, shows the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalisdstracker.org\/\">\u201cGlobal ISDS Tracker\u201d<\/a> Impressive. It documents 129 ISDS lawsuits related to state environmental and climate protection measures.<\/p>\n<p>In most of the current <a href=\"https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/investment-dispute-settlement\">1368 known ISDS lawsuits<\/a> Investors worldwide (as of February 2025) benefit, either because the tribunal gives them the right, or because they agree with the state on appropriate compensation. The <a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/diaepcbinf2024d3_en.pdf\">Compensation payments<\/a>, awarded to investors by arbitral tribunals, has averaged over $250 million in recent years \u2013 money that states then lack to spend on education, health and energy transition.<\/p>\n<p>The investment protection chapters in the agreements with Chile and Mexico would reflect the existing bilateral investment agreements (<i>Bilateral investment treaties<\/i>, BIT) between EU Member States and the two countries. At the same time, they extend investment protection to those countries that do not have a BIT with Chile or Mexico. In the case of: <a href=\"https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/advanced-search\">Chile<\/a> This means that companies from twelve other EU member states have the opportunity to sue the country in an arbitral tribunal. In the case of: <a href=\"https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/international-investment-agreements\/advanced-search\">Mexico<\/a> It is even 13.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-lokalisierungsauflagen\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>Localization requirements<\/h3>\n<p>In the case of: <a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/ditcted2013d7_en.pdf#:~:text=Local%20content%20requirements%20are%20provisions%20%28usually%20under%20a,services%20that%20must%20be%20purchased%20or%20procured%20locally.\">Localization requirements<\/a>, more commonly known by the English term \u201clocal content requirements\u201d, these are requirements that foreign investors must meet if they want to carry out a project in a country. These requirements can take different forms, such as employing a minimum quota of domestic personnel, purchasing a minimum value of locally produced goods or setting up a factory to produce products that the company needs for its investment and that have been imported to date. With these measures, countries, especially in the Global South, are trying to create their own industrial base and strengthen national companies. Trade and investment agreements prohibit mandatory localisation requirements.<\/p>\n<p><\/aside>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element ps-scrolly-fazit\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>conclusion<\/h5>\n<p>\u200c\u200c<mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--highlight-mode: multiply;'>Trade agreements primarily promote global companies in the European Union, but they stand in the way of a globally just green transformation.<\/mark>\u200c\u200c<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4>Strategic raw material partnerships<\/h4>\n<p>Announced in your <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/DE\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0474\">Raw materials action plan 2020<\/a>, As of 2021, the European Commission started to sign agreements on cooperation in the raw materials sector with countries rich in raw materials. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/questions\/reponses_qe\/2023\/002077\/P9_RE(2023)002077_EN.pdf\">Thierry Breton<\/a>, formerly EU Internal Market Commissioner, described these partnership agreements as complementary to EU trade agreements. Although not legally binding, they constitute a \u2018policy framework for concrete bilateral cooperation in the field of raw materials\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>According to the Action Plan, the Strategic Raw Materials Partnerships aim to ensure a diversified and sustainable supply of critical raw materials. In the same way, the EU wants to help resource-rich countries to <i>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/DE\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0474\">sustainable development<\/a> assist their mineral resources by supporting improved local governance and the dissemination of responsible mining practices, which in turn contribute to value creation in the mining sector and drive economic and social development.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Since 2021, the European Commission <a href=\"https:\/\/single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu\/sectors\/raw-materials\/areas-specific-interest\/raw-materials-diplomacy_en#:~:text=In%20the%20EU%20Raw%20Materials%20Strategy%2C%20the%20Raw,established%20frameworks%20of%20cooperation%20bilaterally%2C%20regionally%20or%20multilaterally.\">14 such partnerships<\/a> launched (as of February 2025), with: Serbia (2024), Australia (2024), Uzbekistan (2024), Rwanda (2024), Norway (2024), Greenland (2023), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2023), Zambia (2023), Chile (2023), Argentina (2023), Namibia (2022), Kazakhstan (2022), Ukraine (2021), Canada (2021). And more to follow.<\/p>\n<p>Initially, these partnerships are only a loose, non-binding agreement on cooperation in the raw materials sector under international law. The basic structure of the respective partnerships is very similar and should follow the following guidelines:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">enhanced cooperation on sustainable value chains for raw materials (including in some cases hydrogen (Chile) and e-batteries (Serbia), including the enforcement of trade facilitation;<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">cooperation and, where appropriate, mobilisation of funding for infrastructure development and the development of new mining projects;<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">cooperation to achieve sustainable and responsible production of raw materials and, where appropriate, support for capacity building for further processing;<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Cooperation in research and innovation and, where appropriate, \"good governance\" (<i>good governance<\/i>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Within the following six months after the conclusion of the partnership, a roadmap with concrete areas and projects for cooperation will be drawn up. However, although almost all partnerships were signed more than six months ago, so far only two roadmaps are publicly available: <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/docsroom\/documents\/46299\">with Ukraine<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/countries\/democratic-republic-congo_en\">with the DRC<\/a>. Reading the agreements as well as the roadmap shows what the EU is all about:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">ensure their own supply of raw materials.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">to better position European companies in the global competition for access and use of corresponding raw materials.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>This conclusion is also reached by an <a href=\"https:\/\/library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/international\/21209.pdf\">Study by the Friedrich-Ebert Foundation<\/a> (2024). Another <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fern.org\/fileadmin\/uploads\/fern\/Documents\/2023\/A_Partnership_of_Equals_01.pdf\">analysis<\/a> of 11 NGOs and civil society alliances (2023) also criticises that:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">the agreements are so general that they do not reflect the actual needs and circumstances of the partner countries concerned.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">neither in the negotiation process nor thereafter are civil society actors involved in the implementation and overall there is no transparency with regard to the strategic raw materials partnerships.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">there is no binding obligation to comply with human rights and environmental due diligence obligations, but only vaguely formulated to ensure that care is taken. Concrete measures and controls are not mentioned.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">support for the development of own value chains in countries rich in raw materials is also formulated superficially.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In fact, the promotion of value chains in the commodity-rich countries is likely to be hampered by trade agreements that are binding under international law and also provide for sanctions. Because these put many stones in the way of resource-rich countries in the design of their own raw material strategy.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element ps-scrolly-fazit\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>conclusion<\/h5>\n<p>\u200c<mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--highlight-mode: multiply;'>Strategic raw material partnerships often contain undifferentiated declarations of intent, the concrete implementation of which remains unclear, especially in the area of environmental and human rights due diligence.<\/mark>\u200c<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-accent)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4>Global Gateway<\/h4>\n<p>The Global Gateway Strategy was launched by the European Commission in 2021. It is <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/DE\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52021JC0030\">According to own information<\/a> a large-scale initiative by which the EU is making its contribution to the <a href=\"https:\/\/outlook.gihub.org\/\">$15 trillion<\/a> It aims to increase the funding gap for infrastructure projects worldwide, mainly in the areas of climate, energy, transport and digital infrastructure, as well as in the health and education sectors. In addition, it is a counteroffer to the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative and is intended to strengthen the EU especially in those regions where Chinese investors have gained massive influence. Although the focus is on the promotion and financing of physical infrastructure, it is also intended to create the necessary framework conditions for the projects to achieve the desired results, inter alia by:<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/DE\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52021JC0030\">attractive investment and business-friendly trading conditions<\/a>\u201d are established.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>@media only screen and (max-width: 639px) {.vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3d4f87{gap:0px;}}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-flex-container vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-gap-20 wpex-flex-col wpex-sm-flex-row wpex-sm-items-center wpex-sm-justify-between ps-scrolly-quote vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3d4f87\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<blockquote><p>\nWith its support to others, the EU will also help promote its own interests, strengthen the resilience of its supply chains and open up more trade opportunities for the EU economy, where around 38 million jobs depend on international trade.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"ps-source\">\u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/DE\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52021JC0030\">European Commission<\/a> (2021)<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<figure class=\"vcex-image vcex-module ps-scrolly-quote-img-right\"><div class=\"vcex-image-inner wpex-relative wpex-inline-block\"><img width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash.jpg\" class=\"vcex-image-img wpex-align-middle wpex-aspect-1-1 wpex-object-cover\" alt=\"Image of EU flags in front of the building of the Commission of the European Union\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/guillaume-perigois-0NRkVddA2fw-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_92557\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-92557\" style=\"width: 2560px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-92557 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/archiv.power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Global_Gateway_Forum_2023-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of participants of the Global Gateway Forum 2023\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1133\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-92557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants of the Global Gateway Forum 2023. \u00a9 European Union, 2023 CC-BY-4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The Global Gateway is also a key element of European development cooperation and is being implemented on several occasions within the framework of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.developmentaid.org\/api\/frontend\/cms\/file\/2024\/04\/eu-aid-for-trade-MN0323474ENN.pdf\">EU Aid for Trade Progress Report<\/a> It is called (2024). The <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/news-and-events\/news\/global-gateway-eu-remains-leading-global-provider-aid-trade-2024-04-17_en\">Aid for Trade Strategy<\/a> the European Union envisages linking development finance to commitments to market opening and concrete investment opportunities for European companies. In this respect, Global Gateway also serves as a door opener for companies and products from Europe. In this context, it is presented as a \u201cparadigm shift\u201d. Instead of making funds directly available for the construction of schools, a close integration of state money for development financing and private investment would supposedly achieve better results. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TOFsZNEHv2k&amp;t=1620s\">by Marlene Holzner<\/a>, Head of Unit, International Partnerships, European Commission. That is why the private sector is crucial in the implementation of Global Gateway and is promoted accordingly. Thus, business and financing opportunities for investors are clearly arranged on a <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/global-gateway-business-opportunities_en\">separate page<\/a> summarized. The European Commission also regularly organises \"business fora\" to bring investors together with policy makers and other relevant stakeholders from strategically interesting countries and to announce partnerships (see e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/api\/files\/attachment\/877528\/EU-Mauritania_factsheet.pdf\">Mauritania<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/global-gateway-forum.ec.europa.eu\/news\/global-gateway-forum-eu-mexico-partnership-launches-new-sustainability-and-business-initiatives-2023-10-26_en\">Mexico<\/a>). Through these initiatives and a combination of public and private funding, between 2021 and 2027 <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/global-gateway-overview_en\">\u20ac300 billion<\/a> They will be enslaved by what <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/initiatives-region\/initiatives-sub-saharan-africa\/eu-africa-global-gateway-investment-package_en\">half in African countries<\/a> And another $45 billion. <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/eu-lac-global-gateway-investment-agenda_en\">Latin<\/a> Let's go. In order to attract investors to such projects, the EU uses various financial instruments to minimise costs and risks for investors. Here comes a <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.nationbuilder.com\/eurodad\/pages\/4589\/attachments\/original\/1728405785\/01_EU-GG-report-2024-FINAL.pdf?1728405785\">Most of the money<\/a>, which are provided, for example, as loan guarantees, from the EU\u2019s main development cooperation instrument, the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument \u2013 Global Europe (NDICI-GE). These funds are complemented by funding from the financial and development finance institutions of the 27 member states.<\/p>\n<p>First concrete <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/publications-library\/global-gateway-flagship-projects-infographics_en\">Flagship projects<\/a> were <a href=\"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/strategy-and-policy\/priorities-2019-2024\/stronger-europe-world\/global-gateway_en\">2023 presented<\/a>. This year, the European Commission <a href=\"https:\/\/www.diplomatie.gouv.fr\/IMG\/pdf\/3_-_listes_des_projets_-_commission_cle0146c7.pdf\">90 projects<\/a> Africa, Asia and Latin America, which should be developed as part of the Global Gateway. In 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/document\/ST-15369-2023-REV-1\/en\/pdf\">138 projects<\/a> and for 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/data.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/document\/ST-15281-2024-INIT\/en\/pdf\">46 others <\/a>added.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-accent)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-map-schaubild-8' class='cdst-map wide'><figcaption class='cdst-figure-caption cdst-figure-title'>Global Gateway projects by region, 2023-2025<\/figcaption>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-map-svg cdst-map-type-bubble\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"600\"\n\t\theight=\"300\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,600,300\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-bubble-max-size=\"40\" \ndata-bubble-min-size=\"0\" \ndata-center=\"0, 0\" \ndata-color=\"white\" \ndata-color-borders=\"#ffffff\" \ndata-data-column=\"1\" \ndata-graticules=\"false\" \ndata-high-quality=\"false\" \ndata-id-column=\"0\" \ndata-outline=\"false\" \ndata-projection=\"equal\" \ndata-tooltips=\"true\" \ndata-type=\"bubble\" \ndata-value-prefix=\"\" \ndata-value-suffix=\"\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><div class='cdst-figure-description'><span class=\"ps-source\">Source: Self-presentation on the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.nationbuilder.com\/eurodad\/pages\/4589\/attachments\/original\/1728405785\/01_EU-GG-report-2024-FINAL.pdf?1728405785\">Eurodad, Oxfam, Counterbalance, 2024<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/data.consilium.europa.eu\/doc\/document\/ST-15281-2024-INIT\/en\/pdf\">EU Council, 2024<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_js\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<script>\n\nwindow.addEventListener(\"load\", async () => {\n\n  let active = 1,\n      interval;\n\n  \/\/ Load regions \"center points\" generated at geoJSON.io\n  const csv = await d3\n    .csv(\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/schaubild-8-points.csv\");\n\n  const data = await d3\n    .csv(\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/scrolly-energiewende-schaubild-8.csv\");\n\t\n\tconst centers = new Map( csv.map( d => {\n      return [ d.name , [d.lon, d.lat] ]; 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Only 16% can be attributed to the field of education and health. A trend that continues in the selection of projects in 2025. Decisions on the inclusion of projects as \u201cflagships\u201d under the Global Gateway will be taken by a specific working group chaired by the respective EU Presidency. They will receive strategic advice from the Global Gateway Board, chaired by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen. Member States and other EU institutions, including financial institutions, can also make proposals. According to which criteria the projects are selected, it is unclear. Overall, the European Commission handles information on concrete projects very sparingly, in some cases the titles are so general (\u201cCritical Raw Materials in Central Asia\u201d) that it is impossible to know what it is about in concrete terms. There were also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurodad.org\/the_emperor_s_new_clothes_what_s_new_about_the_eu_s_global_gateway\">a number of projects<\/a> Already before the beginning of Global Gateway and have now been merged under its roof.<\/p>\n<p>Two advisory groups are also part of Global Gateway's functional structure: The <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/governance\/global-gateway-business-advisory-group_en\">Global Gateway Business Advisory Group<\/a> (BAG) and the <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/governance\/global-gateway-civil-society-and-local-authorities-advisory-platform_en\">Advisory platform for civil society and local authorities of the Global Gateway<\/a> (CSP).<\/p>\n<p>The BAG consists of <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/document\/download\/8f0954fc-34ed-45fe-8c68-b59015e98b41_en?filename=Global%20Gateway%20Business%20Advisory%20Group%20%28GG%20BAG%29%20expert%20group%20-%20List%20of%20members%20and%20observers.pdf\">59 European, internationally active companies<\/a> and business associations, including German Post\/DHL, Siemens, Bayer and Allianz. It is not clear why these companies and associations were selected. Their unselfish commitment to environmental, climate and human rights protection or their contribution to the achievement of <a href=\"https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals\">Sustainable Development Goals<\/a> In any case, it could not have been the reason. 11 of these companies have already brought one or more group actions before arbitral tribunals, almost exclusively against countries that have entered the official <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/dam\/oecd\/en\/topics\/policy-sub-issues\/oda-eligibility-and-conditions\/DAC-List-of-ODA-Recipients-for-reporting-2024-25-flows.pdf\">List of \"developing countries\"<\/a> stand.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-accent)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-map-schaubild-9' class='cdst-map wide'><figcaption class='cdst-figure-caption cdst-figure-title'>ISDS lawsuits filed by companies from the Global Gateway Business Advisory Group<\/figcaption>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-map-svg cdst-map-type-choropleth\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"800\"\n\t\theight=\"400\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,800,400\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-bubble-max-size=\"30\" \ndata-bubble-min-size=\"0\" \ndata-center=\"0, 0\" \ndata-color-borders=\"#ffffff\" \ndata-data-column=\"1\" \ndata-graticules=\"false\" \ndata-high-quality=\"false\" \ndata-id-column=\"0\" \ndata-outline=\"false\" \ndata-projection=\"equal\" \ndata-tooltips=\"true\" \ndata-type=\"choropleth\" \ndata-value-prefix=\"\" \ndata-value-suffix=\"\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><div class='cdst-figure-description'><br \/>\n<span class=\"ps-source\">Source: self-representation on the basis of <a href=\"https:\/\/investmentpolicy.unctad.org\/investment-dispute-settlement\">UNCTAD Investment Policy Hub<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/isds-americalatina.org\/impactos-isds-en-alc\/\">TNI 2024<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_js\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<script>\n\nwindow.addEventListener(\"load\", async () => {\n\n  \/\/ Load ISDS points geoJSON\n  const json = await d3\n    .json(\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/scrolly-energiewende-schaubild-9.json\");\n  \n\n  \/\/ get the map\n  const fig = d3.select(\"#ps-map-schaubild-9\");\n  const svg = await cdstUtils.waitForReady( fig.select(\".cdst-map-svg\").node() );\n\n\t\/\/ Plot points one at a time\n\tjson.features.forEach( feature => svg.plotPoint( feature,\n\t    {\n\t\tradius: 5,\n\t\tcolor: \"rgba(255,255,255,0.8)\",\n\t\tgroupClass: \"ps-map-isds-points\"\n\t}) );\n\n\n\/\/ Append tooltip to map's container (<figure>)\nconst tooltip = fig.append(\"div\")\n  .attr('id', 'ps-schaubild-9-tooltip')\n  .classed(\"cdst-tooltip\", true)\n  .style('position', 'absolute')\n  ;\n\n\/\/ get the points and add pointer event handlers\nconst circles = d3.select(svg).selectAll(\".ps-map-isds-points g\");\n\ncircles\n\t.style(\"cursor\", \"help\")\n  .on('click', function(e,d) {\n\n\t\tconst isActive = this.classList.contains(\"has-tooltip\");\n\t\t\n\t\tif ( !isActive ) {\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ 1. hide tooltip (if showing)\n\t\t\ttooltip\n\t\t\t\t.classed(\"tooltip-active\", false)\n\t\t\t\t;\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ 2. reset all circles\n\t\t\tcircles\n\t\t\t\t.classed(\"has-tooltip\", false)\n\t\t\t\t.select(\"circle\")\n\t\t\t\t.transition()\n\t\t\t\t.duration(200)\n\t\t\t\t\t.attr(\"r\", this._radius);\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ 3. 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Five of them have already sued countries in the Global South before investor-state arbitration tribunals.<\/p>\n<p>Some companies that sue states before exclusive arbitral tribunals are also known to: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/66252\/100-years-totalenergies\/\">Violating human rights<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ethicalconsumer.org\/energy\/worlds-most-damaging-energy-projects\">destroying the environment and expelling people from their land; or<\/a> Governments for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spiegel.de\/wirtschaft\/unternehmen\/siemens-schmiergeldaffaere-ex-manager-gesteht-zahlungen-in-argentinien-a-1198417.html\">Bribe orders<\/a>. The same applies to other companies in this advisory group, such as Bayer, which has been criticised for years for being dangerous in the EU.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.publiceye.ch\/en\/topics\/pesticides\/eu-sending-huge-quantities-of-banned-bee-killing-pesticides-to-poorer-countries-documents-reveal\">Pesticides still exported in large quantities to other countries<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The question is to what extent these companies are credible. <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/global-gateway-overview_en\">Core principles<\/a> Global Gateway, including: Democratic values and high standards, good governance and transparency, establishment of partnerships on an equal footing. Rather, the BAG seems to be another space for companies to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurodad.org\/global_gateway_forum_a_closed_door_gathering_which_fundamentally_changes_the_eu_s_development_landscape\">interests<\/a> Unrestricted and privileged communication.<\/p>\n<p>Contrary to the BAG, this <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/governance\/global-gateway-civil-society-and-local-authorities-advisory-platform_en\">57-member CSP <\/a>a much smaller role. In addition, members criticise the low transparency not only with regard to the selection of members in the FOPH and the CSP, but also with regard to the projects themselves. This is how one criticizes <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.nationbuilder.com\/eurodad\/pages\/4589\/attachments\/original\/1728405785\/01_EU-GG-report-2024-FINAL.pdf?1728405785\">Representatives of the Africa Platform<\/a>:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n<i>The Commission seems to have only assigned a monitoring function to CSOs, assuming that they agree with the projects or their approach. Nor was it willing to involve civil society in identifying projects with clear multipliable development outcomes. What is even more frustrating is that the Commission is also unwilling to give details of how the individual projects came about or whether they were actually co-designed by the partner states. In fact, civil society lacks the power to influence Global Gateway itself and to rethink the entire Global Gateway concept to target projects that meet the development needs of partner countries.<\/i>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>And that's not enough. The criticism of Global Gateway is comprehensive and comes not only from the civil society side. Even the largest employers' association in the EU, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businesseurope.eu\/publications\/global-gateway-initiative-businesseuropes-suggestions-and-way-forward\/\">BusinessEurope<\/a>, calls for more transparency on the individual projects, the reason for their selection, their current status, the donors and beneficiaries. <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.nationbuilder.com\/eurodad\/pages\/4589\/attachments\/original\/1728405785\/01_EU-GG-report-2024-FINAL.pdf?1728405785\">Civil society organisations <\/a>criticise the fact that the initiative is a top-down approach, which now dominates European development policy, lacks democratic voices and does not allow the interested public or the European Parliament to participate effectively. Instead of aligning development-funded projects with the real needs of partner countries, they focus on opportunities for investors and the European Union's strategic and geopolitical interests in diversifying its sources of raw materials and energy, but also on: <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/document\/download\/8112998f-c2f0-4ef2-9e46-430145fa8e6b_en?filename=eu-revamped-international-partnerships-factsheet-oct-2024_en.pdf\">Migration control<\/a>. He also recently called for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eesc.europa.eu\/en\/news-media\/news\/impact-assessments-and-active-involvement-civil-society-should-be-guiding-principles-global-gateway-strategy\">European Economic and Social Committee <\/a>concrete sustainability impact assessments and active involvement of civil society in decision-making processes of the Global Gateway strategy.<\/p>\n<p>Global Gateway is also driving the privatization of government services and infrastructure. There is a risk that the debt of the largely already highly indebted countries of the Global South will rise further as a result. The problem with this strategy is being addressed by Rilli Lappalainen, President of CONCORD, a European association of development NGOs. <a href=\"https:\/\/concordeurope.org\/2024\/04\/22\/a-sell-out-of-international-cooperation-dg-intpa-turns-its-back-on-commitments-to-put-human-development-at-the-centre-of-its-international-cooperation-in-leaked-briefing\/\">summarised<\/a>:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n<i>We are truly shocked that DG INTPA's vision for international partnerships over the next five years is basically a trade and investment strategy for the EU based on its geopolitical interests. These interests are defined by competition and the economic security of the EU. Nowhere do we see an interest in partner countries' priorities, let alone an interest in improving people's lives.<\/i>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element ps-scrolly-fazit\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>conclusion<\/h5>\n<p>\u200c<mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--highlight-mode: multiply;'>Under the guise of development cooperation, the EU's Global Gateway strategy opens up new investment opportunities and profit opportunities for European companies, supported by partnership and trade agreements. In addition, it uses funds that should benefit the fight against poverty in countries of the Global South to serve its own geopolitical and strategic (raw materials) interests.<\/mark>\u200c<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h3 class=\"vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl\"><span class=\"vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block\">examples<\/span><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step\" id=\"ps-fall-lobito-line\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4>The Lobito Corridor<\/h4>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lobitocorridor.org\/_files\/ugd\/9fa7ad_700894b8a8b9427faec094b5fbd0f5fc.pdf\">Lobito Corridor<\/a> is a 1,300 km long railway line that runs from Lobito on the Atlantic coast of Angola, via the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to Kabwe in Zambia. Originally built by the colonial powers, the now-decommissioned railway was reopened by private companies in 2023. It is now used to transport strategic and critical raw materials, as well as other products in the supply chain of e.g. Electric cars. This route has correspondingly high strategic importance for the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lobitocorridor.org\/_files\/ugd\/9fa7ad_700894b8a8b9427faec094b5fbd0f5fc.pdf\">The US and the EU<\/a>. For example, the United States supported the eviction of decades ago. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.halotrust.org\/latest\/halo-updates\/stories\/clearing-the-lobito-corridor\/\">minefields<\/a> in Angola.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>In order to advance the further development and repair of the corridor, both the EU and the US have concluded partnership agreements with: <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/ip_23_5303\">Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/publications-library\/eu-angola-partnership-infographic_en\">Angola <\/a>Completed. In addition, all three countries are currently negotiating with the EU on so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/policy.trade.ec.europa.eu\/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region\/countries-and-regions\/southern-african-development-community-sadc_en\">Economic Partnership Agreements<\/a> (Economic Partnership Agreements, EPAs). Angola also entered into an agreement in September 2024. <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'><span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-abkommen-nachhaltiger-investitionen\">Agreement for the Promotion of Sustainable Investment\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span><\/mark> concluded with the EU.<\/p>\n<p>The Lobito Corridor can be seen as an important building block of a strategic attempt by the EU and the US, China's <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-right' style='--highlight-duration: 0.75s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'><span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-belt-road-initiative\">Belt and Road Initiative\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span><\/mark> Something to oppose in Africa. The latter, however, already has much broader dimensions, whereby <a href=\"https:\/\/afripoli.org\/lobito-corridor-a-reality-check\">Large parts of supply chains under Chinese control<\/a> are. In addition, China is investing far more in building local value chains and not just in building export infrastructure for raw materials, but the Lobito Corridor is an example of this. This is why the project is <a href=\"https:\/\/panafricanreview.com\/lobito-corridor-plan-illustrates-stark-poverty-of-american-imagination-in-africa\/\">African observers<\/a> Basically not very popular.<\/p>\n<p>In all three countries, among others, the Swiss metal dealer <a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/PS_088_Publikation_Metallhandel_v14_Web.pdf\">Trafigura<\/a> active, which finances large parts of the infrastructure of cobalt and copper mines and the transport of raw materials in a particularly non-transparent and undemocratic way. He is also part of a consortium of few companies that have already invested $555 million in the renovation of the Lobito Corridor. Trafigura also has a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.trafigura.com\/news-and-insights\/press-releases\/2024\/trafigura-and-kamoa-kakula-sign-agreements-to-become-first-customers-of-the-lobito-atlantic-railway\/\">concession<\/a> for the use, operation and maintenance of the Angolan part of the route and the port terminal in Lobito for more than 30 years from 2022. How much money the EU will concretely support the expansion of the Lobito Corridor and which European companies will benefit from it is unclear so far. However, a G7 factsheet states that: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.g7italy.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/ANNEX-I-G7-PGII-Factsheet-2024.pdf\">Germany<\/a> private investment projects under the Lobito Corridor with credit guarantees.<\/p>\n<p>This massive infrastructure project in this region is a sensitive issue, because environmental degradation and human rights violations are already a problem in the three countries of the Lobito corridor.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-abkommen-nachhaltiger-investitionen\" style=\"display:none;\">\n<p><b>Agreements to Facilitate Sustainable Investment<\/b><\/p>\n<p>With the declared objective of promoting economic diversification and sustainable development, a Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement (SIFA) between the EU and Angola entered into force in September 2024. It is the first of its kind and others will follow. This <a href=\"https:\/\/trade.ec.europa.eu\/access-to-markets\/en\/content\/eu-angola-sustainable-investment-facilitation-agreement-sifa\">agreements<\/a> It complements the Global Gateway Strategy for Africa. It is intended to trigger foreign investment, particularly in areas where Angola has so far \u2018not exhausted its potential\u2019 (e.g. in the mining of critical raw materials, the energy transition, food supply chains and digitalisation). To this end: <a href=\"https:\/\/circabc.europa.eu\/ui\/group\/09242a36-a438-40fd-a7af-fe32e36cbd0e\/library\/a17ccfe1-ce36-428f-bc7f-76bcb902c36a\/details?download=true\">should<\/a> To simplify the bureaucratic processes necessary for the recognition and implementation of these projects. Like the Green MEP <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/A-9-2024-0005_EN.html#_section3\">Saskia Bricmont<\/a> As stated in the \u2018minority position\u2019 to the recommendation of the EU Trade Committee on SIFA, this Agreement promotes any investment without specifically linking it to the demonstration or actual implementation of certain sustainability standards. While there is a chapter on \u2018Investment and sustainable development\u2019, it has the same weakness as the sustainability chapters in trade agreements: the lack of enforceability due to the lack of sanction possibilities. In the event of non-compliance, it remains unclear whether and, if so, what measures can be taken. The involvement of civil society is also completely inadequate. Once a year, it will be invited to a \u201cdialogue\u201d on the implementation of the Agreement. Dealing with communities affected by the investment or the UN standard of \"free, prior and informed consent\" of indigenous communities are not even part of this agreement. The chapter on \u201cTransparency\u201d refers only to the unrestricted access of potential investors to information. Overall, the 57-page agreement reads like a wish list of European investors. Angola is already <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/api\/files\/document\/print\/en\/ip_24_4462\/IP_24_4462_EN.pdf\">5th largest recipient<\/a> European foreign investment on the African continent. The extent to which the agreement actually contributes to sustainable development in Angola is questionable.<\/p>\n<p><\/aside><br \/>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-belt-road-initiative\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>Belt and Road Initiative<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/linx.rosalux.de\/belt-and-road-initiative\"><i>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)<\/i><\/a>, In Germany, often as <b>New Silk Road<\/b> It is a comprehensive foreign policy and economic concept of the People's Republic of China, launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping. The initiative aims to promote economic links between Asia, Europe and Africa through the development of infrastructure projects.<\/p>\n<p>The BRI is divided into two main components: The <i>Silk Road Economic Belt<\/i> (Silk Road Economic Belt), a land route connecting China to Europe via Central Asia; and the <i>21st Century Maritime Silk Road<\/i>, a maritime route that establishes trade links between China, Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe.<\/p>\n<p>By February 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/greenfdc.org\/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri\/\">149 countries<\/a> Partnership Agreement signed with China under the BRI. Between 2013 and 2022 alone, China has more than <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1274991\/china-total-investment-in-belt-and-road-countries\/\">$900 billion<\/a> investing under the BRI, i.e. three times the Global Gateway, with the COVID-19 pandemic leading to a significant drop in investment.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wirtschaftsdienst.eu\/inhalt\/jahr\/2021\/heft\/11\/beitrag\/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-wandelt-sich.html\">critics<\/a> fear that the BRI will be used as a tool to expand Chinese influence in other countries and may lead partner countries into a debt trap. There are also concerns about the environmental impact of projects where: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fidh.org\/en\/region\/asia\/china\/business-and-human-rights\/belt-and-road-initiative-and-human-rights#ancre1\">Compliance with human rights<\/a> and working standards. So far, only two countries have <a href=\"https:\/\/greenfdc.org\/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri\/\">Italy and Panama<\/a>, Leaving the Belt and Road Initiative.<\/p>\n<p><\/aside><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"ps-fall-lobito-angola\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Angola<\/h5>\n<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/WEBPOL1048702022ENGLISH.pdf\">Angola<\/a> The government regularly goes with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2023\/06\/angolan-police-must-exercise-restraint-during-nationwide-protests\/\">Violence against protesters<\/a> before. In 2021 and 2023, several dozen people were killed by state security forces during demonstrations. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2024\/10\/angola-us-president-biden-must-demand-immediate-release-of-five-arbitrarily-detained-government-critics\/\">Arbitrary arrests<\/a>, Detention and the suppression of freedom of expression are commonplace, with demonstrators and local politicians targeted.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"ps-fall-lobito-sambia\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Zambia<\/h5>\n<p>There are also serious problems in Zambia. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/WEBPOL1048702022ENGLISH.pdf\">violations<\/a>, including violent crackdowns on peaceful demonstrators, arbitrary arrests, and attacks on media freedom.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card\" id=\"ps-fall-lobito-drk\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5><b>Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/b><\/h5>\n<p>In the <b>DRC<\/b> Re-established since 2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/2\/21\/a-guide-to-the-decades-long-conflict-in-dr-congo\">war<\/a>. Especially in the province of North Kivu, in the east of the country, where there is a lot of mining, the ongoing fighting is driving large parts of the population into flight. More than six million people are currently displaced in Congo, and humanitarian conditions in refugee camps are deteriorating. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uno-fluechtlingshilfe.de\/hilfe-weltweit\/fluechtlingsschutz\/fluechtlingsfrauen\/dr-kongo-sexuelle-gewalt-gegen-frauen\">Women and children<\/a> are particularly affected by the crisis and pay the highest price, according to observers. A project such as the Lobito Corridor, which is driving the exploitation of raw materials in the DRC, risks deepening the already existing problems.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_92576\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-92576\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-92576\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/30447827265_06e2fdfc80_o.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of working women in DRC\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/30447827265_06e2fdfc80_o.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/30447827265_06e2fdfc80_o-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/30447827265_06e2fdfc80_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/30447827265_06e2fdfc80_o-600x450.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-92576\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Women sort and wash minerals in the Democratic Republic of Congo. CC BY-NC 2.0 \u00a9 Annie Matundu Mbambi \/ WILPF International 2016<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The DRC already covers 70% global cobalt demand, a metal that is essential in all batteries. Much of the cobalt deposits are located in ecologically sensitive regions and indigenous land, triggering or exacerbating conflicts between governments, foreign companies and local communities.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_92558\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-92558\" style=\"width: 4032px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-92558 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of miners in the Democratic Republic of Congo\" width=\"4032\" height=\"3024\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-92558\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miners in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. CC-BY-2.5 \u00a9 The International Institute for Environment and Development 2020<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A significant proportion of cobalt is produced by <a href=\"https:\/\/rue.bmz.de\/rue\/themen\/kleinbergbau-86610\">informal miners<\/a> Degraded in life-threatening conditions, including children. Many of these workers die as a result of collapses, as tunnels are often dug without safety precautions. In addition to the dangers there <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/goatsandsoda\/2023\/02\/01\/1152893248\/red-cobalt-congo-drc-mining-siddharth-kara\">workers<\/a> the environment is significantly affected by deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution and other health threats. Increasingly, mining projects are destroying entire communities and crowding out residents, often forcibly and without adequate compensation.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step ps-card ps-card-frame\" id=\"ps-fall-lobito-ruanda\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Rwanda<\/h5>\n<p>In addition, tensions between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and <b>Rwanda<\/b> The situation continues, since <a href=\"https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2024\/sc15646.doc.htm\">Rwanda is accused<\/a>, to actively support the M23 rebels. With Rwanda, the EU has also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurodad.org\/who_profits_from_the_global_gateway_the_eu_s_new_strategy_for_development_cooperation\">Global Gateway<\/a> already one <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/docsroom\/documents\/58035\">Strategic Raw Materials Partnership<\/a> Closed. However, since Rwanda itself has little raw materials of its own, it can be assumed that these should come primarily from neighbouring countries such as the Congo via Rwanda to Europe. In addition, Rwanda wants to establish itself as a location for the processing of raw materials and therefore secure access to resources that the country itself does not have.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step\" id=\"ps-fall-wasserstoff\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h4>Hydrogen strategies in South America<\/h4>\n<p>Strategies for Green Transformation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmbf.de\/DE\/Forschung\/EnergieKlimaUndNachhaltigkeit\/Energie\/WasserstoffUndSynthetischeKraftstoffe\/wasserstoffundsynthetischekraftstoffe.html?templateQueryString=wasserstoff\">Germany<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/topics\/de\/article\/20210512STO04004\/grune-wasserstoff-energie-welche-vorteile-ergeben-sich-fur-die-eu\">EU<\/a> Hydrogen plays a major role. This must be produced with renewable electricity in order to qualify as \u2018green hydrogen\u2019. This process requires a lot of energy and water. Some of the strategic raw material partnerships explicitly revolve around green hydrogen. In the future, a hydrogen economy will be established in the EU, as hydrogen can replace coal and natural gas in steel production, for example, and is used in the chemical industry for many products, such as fertilisers. The EU expects to continue to import a relevant part of its energy needs, arguing that the conditions for producing green electricity and hydrogen are much more favourable in most countries of the Global South than in Europe. As part of the Global Gateway, it is therefore funding projects to build a hydrogen infrastructure in countries of the Global South.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step\" id=\"ps-fall-chile\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Chile<\/h5>\n<p>An example is the project <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hifglobal.com\/locations\">Highly Innovative Fuels (HIF) Global<\/a>. This is from the German <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmwk.de\/Redaktion\/EN\/Hydrogen\/Examples\/haru-oni-chile.html\">Ministry of Economy<\/a> In 2022, a plant for the production of <mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-right' style='--highlight-duration: 0.175s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'><span class=\"cdst-popup-trigger\" data-popup-target-id=\"popup-efuels\">E-fuels\u202f<svg class='cdst-popup-trigger-icon' fill='none' height='24' stroke-width='1.5' viewbox='0 0 24 24' width='24' xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'><path d='M12 22C17.5228 22 22 17.5228 22 12C22 6.47715 17.5228 2 12 2C6.47715 2 2 6.47715 2 12C2 17.5228 6.47715 22 12 22Z' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M9 9C9 5.49997 14.5 5.5 14.5 9C14.5 11.5 12 10.9999 12 13.9999' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><path d='M12 18.01L12.01 17.9989' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'\/><\/svg><\/span><\/mark> It is in operation in southern Chile. Significantly involved in this project are Porsche and Siemens. Especially with cars, however, there is no reason to rely on this complex and expensive procedure, because with a battery-powered vehicle you get to your destination many times cheaper. E-fuels would increase the energy demand for car transport by at least six times \u2013 and thus also the area demand for green electricity generation.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_92552\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-92552\" style=\"width: 2560px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-92552 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/img_4-scaled-1.jpg\" alt=\"Image of &#039;Haru Oni&#039; eFuels test facility\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/img_4-scaled-1.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/img_4-scaled-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/img_4-scaled-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/img_4-scaled-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/img_4-scaled-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/img_4-scaled-1-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/img_4-scaled-1-600x338.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-92552\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Haru Oni eFuels pilot plans, Punta Arenas, Chile, 2023. Picture: \u00a9 2023 Porsche AG<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In the windy region of Magallanes, where the plant is located, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu\/hydrogen-green-solution-or-energy-colonialism\/\">18 more green hydrogen projects<\/a> a large part of which is planned with the participation of European companies and with <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/policies\/global-gateway\/developing-chiles-green-hydrogen-potential_en\">Supported by Global Gateway<\/a>. Companies that are part of Global Gateway's Business Advisory Group and have already sought group lawsuits against countries in the Global South, such as Total Energies and Enel, are also involved.<\/p>\n<p>Since large areas and a lot of water are required for the realization of the projects, the<a href=\"https:\/\/ejatlas.org\/conflict\/hidrogeno-verde-en-la-region-de-magallanes-chile\/\"> Local population <\/a>displacement, severe environmental consequences and the loss of their economic bases, sheep farming and fishing. Environmental organisations already approached Gabriel Boric\u2019s government at the end of 2023 with the concern that the Magallanes region would be sacrificed for the industrialised countries\u2019 energy transition.<\/p>\n<p>Chile's and the EU's cooperation in this area will also be promoted through a trade agreement with energy and raw materials chapters, as well as a strategic raw materials partnership. Both agreements explicitly mention the expansion of hydrogen capacities in the country. The funding of projects within the framework of Global Gateway is therefore only the logical consequence of this decision.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"cdst-popup-source\" id=\"popup-efuels\" style=\"display:none;\"><\/p>\n<h3>E-fuels<\/h3>\n<p>E-fuels are synthetically produced fuels designed to allow cars with petrol or diesel propulsion to continue driving beyond the 2035 combustion engine. An energy-intensive chemical process is used to produce e-gasoline, e-diesel and e-kerosene from hydrogen and CO2. These are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.klima-allianz.de\/publikationen\/publikation\/metastudie-e-fuels-und-ihre-grenzen-keine-alternative-zum-verbrenner-aus\">E-fuels<\/a> climate-neutral only if the electricity used is generated from renewable energies. According to one <a href=\"https:\/\/www.klima-allianz.de\/publikationen\/publikation\/metastudie-e-fuels-und-ihre-grenzen-keine-alternative-zum-verbrenner-aus\">study<\/a> the Forum Eco-Social Market Economy on behalf of the Climate Alliance, e-fuels are not suitable for keeping combustion cars alive in the future due to their low efficiency and high resource consumption. Rather, the low stocks would have to be used for areas such as aviation or shipping, where electrification is much more difficult to achieve. <\/aside>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element step\" id=\"ps-fall-uruguay\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h5>Uruguay<\/h5>\n<p>Uruguay, with which the EU will become a member in 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/ip_23_3899\">Partnership on renewable energy, energy efficiency and green hydrogen<\/a> This is the focus of the European Global Gateway hydrogen strategy. In addition to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hifglobal.com\/locations\">Other projects<\/a> HIF Global is planning a large plant in Paysand\u00fa in Brazil, Texas and Australia. The German company also plans <a href=\"https:\/\/enertrag.com\/de\/projekte-show-cases\/wasserstoff-projekte\/tambor-e-methanol-aus-gruenem-wasserstoff\">Yield<\/a> a production plant for e-methanol in Tacuaremb\u00f3. In addition to the expansion of the port in Montevideo, this is also part of <a href=\"https:\/\/international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu\/document\/download\/8ebd153b-a51f-4ee5-bf15-26d8ad7119d1_en?filename=EU-Latin-America-Investment-Agenda-EN.pdf\">Global Gateway<\/a> listed and embeds itself with further projects in a German-Uruguayian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.giz.de\/de\/weltweit\/201028.html\">Energy partnership<\/a> from 2023. The economic potential for Uruguay to play a global role in renewable energy and hydrogen supply is estimated to be relatively high, as the country already has more than 90% It produces its electricity from renewable energy sources.<\/p>\n<p>However, the conflict potential of these projects is also growing in Uruguay. So they complained. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elpais.com.uy\/informacion\/sociedad\/el-80-de-posibles-afectados-por-planta-de-hidrogeno-verde-en-tacuarembo-o-conoce-poco-el-proyecto\">Local population<\/a> in Tacuaremb\u00f3 about not knowing much about the project, let alone having been involved in its design. This is particularly important because it is likely that a very <a href=\"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/water\/374197-green-hydrogen-plant-in-uruguay-faces-challenge-over-water-use\/\">high water consumption<\/a> It is calculated by the plant. Meanwhile, the residents even go<a href=\"https:\/\/ladiaria.com.uy\/ambiente\/articulo\/2023\/2\/vecinos-de-tacuarembo-presentaron-accion-de-inconstitucionalidad-contra-decreto-departamental-que-permite-instalacion-de-planta-de-hidrogeno-verde-y-metanol\/\"> judicial <\/a>against the project.<\/p>\n<p>Basically, the supply of green hydrogen is an important component for the global transformation. However, many applications for which hydrogen is foreseen in the relevant EU strategies are either highly problematic themselves (such as fertiliser and pesticide production) or better and more efficient to deal directly with electricity, such as heat generation or passenger transport. The EU is not yet making close use of its own potential for energy saving, efficiency and green electricity generation.<\/p>\n<p>More information on Green Hydrogen can be found on our info page <a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/campaign\/wasserstoffwelt\/\">Climate check hydrogen\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-6\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element cdst-sticky no-max-width\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<figure id='ps-map-fall-lobito' class='cdst-map'>\t<svg\n\t\tclass=\"cdst-map-svg cdst-map-type-choropleth\"\n\t\txmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\t\twidth=\"600\"\n\t\theight=\"600\"\n\t\tviewbox=\"0,0,600,600\"\n\t\tpreserveaspectratio=\"xMidYMid meet\"\n\t\tstyle=\"width: 100%; height: auto;\"\n\t\tdata-bubble-max-size=\"30\" \ndata-bubble-min-size=\"0\" \ndata-center=\"52.52437, 13.41053\" \ndata-color-borders=\"#ffffff\" \ndata-data-column=\"1\" \ndata-graticules=\"false\" \ndata-high-quality=\"false\" \ndata-id-column=\"0\" \ndata-outline=\"true\" \ndata-projection=\"globe\" \ndata-tooltips=\"true\" \ndata-type=\"choropleth\" \ndata-value-prefix=\"\" \ndata-value-suffix=\"\" \n\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<g transform=\"translate(-24 -24) scale(2)\" transform-origin=\"center center\">\n\t\t<svg x=\"50%\" y=\"50%\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><style>.spinner_ajPY{transform-origin:center;animation:spinner_AtaB .75s infinite linear}@keyframes spinner_AtaB{100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}<\/style><path d=\"M12,1A11,11,0,1,0,23,12,11,11,0,0,0,12,1Zm0,19a8,8,0,1,1,8-8A8,8,0,0,1,12,20Z\" opacity=\".25\"\/><path d=\"M10.14,1.16a11,11,0,0,0-9,8.92A1.59,1.59,0,0,0,2.46,12,1.52,1.52,0,0,0,4.11,10.7a8,8,0,0,1,6.66-6.61A1.42,1.42,0,0,0,12,2.69h0A1.57,1.57,0,0,0,10.14,1.16Z\" class=\"spinner_ajPY\"\/><\/svg>\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><div class='cdst-tooltip'><\/div><\/figure>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_js\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<script>\n\nwindow.addEventListener(\"load\", async () => {\n\n  \/\/ Load regions geoJSON\n  const json = await d3\n    .json(\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/ps-lobito-kabwe-7.json\");\n  \n  \/\/ get the map\n  const fig = document.querySelector(\"#ps-map-fall-lobito\");\n  const svg = await cdstUtils.waitForReady( fig.querySelector(\".cdst-map-svg\") );\n\n  \/\/ Setup scroll-based interactions\n\tdocument.addEventListener(\"scrollstep\", (e) => {\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\/\/ step actions\n\t\t\tswitch (e.target.id) {\n\t\t\t\t\/\/\n\t\t\t\tcase \"ps-fall-lobito-line\":\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.flyTo( { point: {lon:20.98852046552392, lat: -12.626655974644976}, scale: 1000} );\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.plotLine( json,\n\t\t\t\t\t    {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tstrokeWidth: 2,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tanimate: true,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tduration: 3\n\t\t\t\t\t\t});\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t\/\/\t\n\t\t\t\tcase \"ps-fall-lobito-angola\":\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.flyTo( { id: 24 } );\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t\/\/\n\t\t\t\tcase \"ps-fall-lobito-sambia\":\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.flyTo( { id: 894 } );\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t\/\/\n\t\t\t\tcase \"ps-fall-lobito-drk\":\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.flyTo( { id: 180 } );\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t\/\/\n\t\t\t\tcase \"ps-fall-lobito-ruanda\":\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.flyTo( { id: 646 } );\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak; \n\t\t\t\t\/\/\n\t\t\t\tcase \"ps-fall-wasserstoff\":\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.flyTo( { point: {lon:-59.2974009963023, lat:-19.396332500335646}, scale: 500 } );\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t\/\/\n\t\t\t\tcase \"ps-fall-chile\":\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.flyTo( { id: 152 } );\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t\t\/\/\n\t\t\t\tcase \"ps-fall-uruguay\":\n\t\t\t\t\tsvg.flyTo( { id: 858 } );\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\n\t\t});\n});\n<\/script>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section inverted vc_custom_1758918487643 wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0 wpex-has-overlay wpex-has-overlay--69e1ebb3df4ef\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-accent)!important;\"><div class=\"wpex-bg-overlay-wrap wpex-absolute wpex-inset-0 wpex-rounded-inherit\"><style class=\"wpex-bg-overlay-css\">.wpex-has-overlay--69e1ebb3df4ef > .wpex-bg-overlay-wrap .wpex-bg-overlay{background-image:url(https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/immo-wegmann-B04kObEAoKY-unsplash-scaled-1.jpg);opacity:10%;}<\/style><span class=\"wpex-bg-overlay custom wpex-absolute wpex-inset-0 wpex-rounded-inherit wpex-duration-500 wpex-opacity-60 wpex-bg-transparent\"><\/span><\/div><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h3 class=\"vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl\"><span class=\"vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block\">The EU on the road<\/span><\/h3>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>Leave no one behind, make the green transformation inclusive and participatory and make a decisive contribution to global climate protection: This is what the European Commission has set out to do. However, the green and democratic nature of the trade policy instruments does not stand up to closer scrutiny. The gap between claim and reality is too large. When the European Commission speaks of participation, it means above all international companies, which are the spearhead of the European strategy for securing influence and raw materials. Under the guise of green transformation and supposedly noble goals to support sustainable and clean development worldwide, the European Commission has developed a comprehensive system of trade, investment and partnership agreements designed to open markets and facilitate access to raw materials from Latin American, African and Asian countries.<\/p>\n<p>With promises of multi-billion-dollar investments under the Global Gateway, the EU is making the signing of such agreements palatable to partner countries. Sustainability promises, environmental protection and good jobs are always part of the discursive arsenal, but their concrete implementation is not defined in more detail. Instead, it promotes companies that have dubious human rights records, are known for environmental destruction and corruption, and corporate lawsuits that have killed millions of states in the Global South.<\/p>\n<p>With funds from European development cooperation and protected by trade policy instruments, they are promised profits, while the local population bears the costs. However, the selection and implementation of projects takes place largely without civil society control and local participation. In addition, the European trade agreements further restrict the political decision-making scope of the partner countries. And should governments decide against a project due to environmental concerns or popular protests, multimillion-dollar corporate lawsuits threaten.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section vc_custom_1758918869340 wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:transparent!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h3 class=\"vcex-heading vcex-heading-plain vcex-module wpex-heading wpex-text-2xl\"><span class=\"vcex-heading-inner wpex-inline-block\">The Path to Globally Fair 1.5\u00b0<\/span><\/h3><style>@media only screen and (max-width: 639px) {.vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3e1a1b{gap:0px;}}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-flex-container vcex-module wpex-flex wpex-gap-20 wpex-flex-col wpex-sm-flex-row wpex-sm-items-center wpex-sm-justify-between ps-scrolly-quote vcex-flex-container_69e1ebb3e1a1b\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<blockquote><p>\n\u201cA world driven by renewable energy is a world hungry for critical raw materials. For developing countries, critical raw materials are a crucial opportunity \u2013 to create jobs, diversify the economy and significantly increase revenues. But this can only be achieved if they are properly managed. The net-zero race must not roll over the poor. The renewable energy revolution is underway \u2013 but we need to steer it towards justice.\u201d\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><span class=\"ps-source\">\u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/climatechange\/critical-minerals\">UN Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres<\/a>, 2024<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<figure class=\"vcex-image vcex-module ps-scrolly-quote-img-right\"><div class=\"vcex-image-inner wpex-relative wpex-inline-block\"><img width=\"378\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Antonio-Guterres_UN7975668_005500_Cropped.jpg\" class=\"vcex-image-img wpex-align-middle wpex-aspect-1-1 wpex-object-cover\" alt=\"Photo by UN Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Antonio-Guterres_UN7975668_005500_Cropped.jpg 378w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Antonio-Guterres_UN7975668_005500_Cropped-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Antonio-Guterres_UN7975668_005500_Cropped-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Antonio-Guterres_UN7975668_005500_Cropped-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\" \/><\/div><\/figure><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>A globally just transformation can only succeed if cooperation is relied on instead of more competition. Democratic participation must be taken seriously and partnerships on an equal footing must not only remain empty phrases. Trade agreements and investment treaties that consolidate existing power structures and imbalances should be a thing of the past. Otherwise, European states run the risk of continuing colonial patterns with their current policies. Indeed, many publications currently speak of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.somo.nl\/the-eus-critical-minerals-crusade\/\">Neocolonialism\u201d<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tni.org\/en\/dossier\/dismantling-green-colonialism\">\u201cGreen colonialism<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/progressive.international\/wire\/2024-10-09-resisting-the-new-green-colonialism\/en\">\u201d<\/a> or \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/progressive.international\/wire\/2024-10-09-resisting-the-new-green-colonialism\/en\">Neo-imperialism<\/a>\u201d in the context of the European Strategy for the Safeguarding of Raw Materials. For a global just green transformation, we need instead:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ps-list-of-demands\">\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'><b><a href=\"https:\/\/afripoli.org\/navigating-partnerships-analysing-eu-africa-industrial-policy-relations\">Partnership Agreements<\/a>, which are geared to the actual needs of the resource-rich countries, promote added value in these countries, enable knowledge and technology transfer and preserve policy space<\/b>.<\/mark> This includes the need for resource-rich countries to be able to impose export restrictions, export taxes and levies on minerals in order to promote local production and producers, create local jobs and pursue active industrial policies. The interests of the European Union, which are currently shaping the direction of trade and partnership agreements, must fade into the background. Because the <a href=\"https:\/\/afripoli.org\/navigating-partnerships-analysing-eu-africa-industrial-policy-relations\">Economic and development models of the resource-rich countries of the Global South<\/a> The main focus remains on the needs of European industrialised countries and their companies. An independent economic and development model cannot thrive in this way. When negotiating the partnership agreements, the countries of the Global South will have to move from the front passenger seat to the driver's seat.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'><b>Transparency and effective and binding involvement of civil society and affected populations<\/b><\/mark> in the negotiations and implementation of these partnerships. Mining of raw materials, but also the installation of wind turbines and solar systems for the green transformation must be carried out in compliance with the highest standards. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.25977.24163\">Social and environmental standards<\/a> take place. These projects must not deprive the local population of their livelihoods, including access to clean water. Rather, it must be ensured that they <a href=\"https:\/\/www.somo.nl\/the-hidden-harm-of-green-hydrogen\/\">Significant benefits from access to clean energy<\/a>. Roadmaps for the implementation of projects must define concrete and measurable results in this context, including in terms of good working conditions, ILO core labour standards, environmental protection and participation. Constant monitoring must ensure their implementation.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'><b>an expansion of the actors involved in the green transformation.<\/b><\/mark> The implementation of the green transformation must not be left to private actors. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tni.org\/en\/publication\/reclaiming-energy\">Public, collective and cooperative projects<\/a> for the implementation of the energy transition, priority must be given to private companies and individual profit interests.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><mark class='cdst-highlight cdst-highlight-dir-up' style='--highlight-duration: 1s;--highlight-mode: multiply;'><b>clear targets to reduce the consumption of raw materials in the EU;<\/b><\/mark> to take the growing pressure from the ecosystems of resource-rich countries and to become more resilient through measures of sufficiency. It also requires prioritization. Although the European Commission always speaks of the need for raw materials for the green transformation, defence, robotics and space are also strategically central areas that should be supplied as a priority. The extent to which we want to use the finite mineral and metallic raw materials for the construction of further weapon systems or electrically operated SUVs should be part of a comprehensive social debate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid wpex-relative\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"vcex-author-bio vcex-module\">\n<section class=\"author-bio wpex-boxed wpex-flex wpex-gap-20 wpex-flex-col wpex-sm-flex-row wpex-text-center wpex-sm-text-left wpex-mb-40\">\n\n\t\n\t\t<div class=\"author-bio-avatar wpex-flex-shrink-0\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/author\/bettina\/\" title=\"Visit author page\"><img class='avatar' alt='' src='\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Bettina-Mueller_PowerShift_900px.jpg' width='70' \/><\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<div class=\"author-bio-content wpex-flex-grow wpex-last-mb-0\">\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"author-bio-title wpex-heading wpex-m-0 wpex-mb-10 wpex-text-lg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/author\/bettina\/\" title=\"Visit author page\" rel=\"author\" class=\"wpex-no-underline\">Bettina M\u00fcller<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"author-bio-description wpex-mb-15 wpex-last-mb-0\"><p>Main areas of work: Trade agreement with Latin America, corporate litigation rights.<br \/>\nI am active at PowerShift because a fairer trade and investment policy is crucial in the fight against climate change, human rights violations and poverty worldwide. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"author-bio-social wpex-mb-15\"><div class=\"author-bio-social__items wpex-inline-flex wpex-flex-wrap wpex-gap-5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/linkedin.com\/in\/bettina-m\u00fcller-2764ba2b6?\" class=\"author-bio-social__item wpex-social-btn wpex-social-btn-flat wpex-social-bg wpex-rounded-full wpex-linkedin\"><span class=\"wpex-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M100.3 448H7.4V148.9h92.9zM53.8 108.1C24.1 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.8 53.8 0 0 1 107.6 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.8 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.7V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.3-79.2-48.3 0-55.7 37.7-55.7 76.7V448h-92.8V148.9h89.1v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.7-48.3 87.9-48.3 94 0 111.3 61.9 111.3 142.3V448z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid ps-scrolly-section wpex-vc-full-width-row wpex-vc-full-width-row--centered wpex-relative wpex-vc_row-has-fill wpex-vc_row-mx-0\" style=\"background-color:var(--wpex-palette-150-color)!important;\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element vc_custom_1758919895647\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>A summary of the contents of this page and an info card can be found in our info poster:<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<style>.vcex-multi-buttons.vcex_69e1ebb3e5ccd .theme-button,.vcex-multi-buttons.vcex_69e1ebb3e5ccd .theme-txt-link{border-radius:var(--wpex-rounded-full);}<\/style><div class=\"vcex-multi-buttons wpex-flex wpex-flex-wrap wpex-items-center wpex-gap-10 wpex-justify-center vcex_69e1ebb3e5ccd\"><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/PowerShift_Handelspolitik__Infoposter_Extract_Extract.pdf\" class=\"theme-button flat outline-transparent wpex-text-center  wpb_animate_when_almost_visible wpb_bottom-to-top bottom-to-top vcex-count-1\">Download info poster<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/PowerShift_Extract-Extract_Infoposter_Quellen.pdf\" class=\"theme-button flat outline-transparent wpex-text-center  wpb_animate_when_almost_visible wpb_bottom-to-top bottom-to-top vcex-count-2\" style=\"animation-delay:200ms;\">Sources for the info poster<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/product\/infoposter-extract-extract-extract\/\" class=\"theme-button flat outline-transparent wpex-text-center  wpb_animate_when_almost_visible wpb_bottom-to-top bottom-to-top vcex-count-3\" style=\"animation-delay:400ms;\">Order info poster<\/a><\/div><div class=\"vcex-module vcex-divider vcex-divider-solid vcex-divider-center wpex-mx-auto wpex-block wpex-h-0 wpex-border-b wpex-border-solid wpex-border-main\" style=\"margin-block:2rem;\"><\/div>\n\t<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<p>You can see a lecture on the topic here:<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"vcex-video wpex-bg-black\" data-vcex-video-type=\"youtube\"><div class=\"vcex-video-inner wpex-relative\"><iframe class=\"wpex-block wpex-w-100 wpex-h-100 wpex-aspect-16-9\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JxwV8dZmZBU\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Between claim and exploitation of Europe's trade policy strategy for securing raw materials We are at a crossroads: If we manage to make our contribution in Germany and the European Union (EU) to stop global warming at about 1.5\u00b0C, or if we continue on the path we have taken, a planet that is up to 3\u00b0C hotter. Despite ambitious measures,...","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":92436,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[217],"tags":[276,9,134],"post_series":[],"thema":[15],"coauthors":[85],"class_list":["post-96387","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hintergrund","tag-energiewende","tag-eu","tag-rohstoffwende","thema-handelspolitik","entry","has-media"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96387","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96387"}],"version-history":[{"count":87,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96387\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":98804,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96387\/revisions\/98804"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/92436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96387"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=96387"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=96387"},{"taxonomy":"post_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_series?post=96387"},{"taxonomy":"thema","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/thema?post=96387"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/power-shift.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=96387"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}